Weekend Stories sorted by tags
I enjoy going exploring on weekends (mostly). Here is a collection of stories and photos I gather along the way. All posts are CC BY-NC-SA licensed unless otherwise stated. Feel free to share, remix, and adapt the content as long as you give appropriate credit and distribute your contributions under the same license.
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- Ancient Times 14
- Buddhism 30
- Chinese Culture 13
- Christian Culture 47
- Church History 16
- Cologne 59
- Crimes Against Humanity 17
- Gandharan Art 5
- Greco-Roman Culture 13
- History as a Science 2
- Indian Culture 5
- Industrial History 5
- Islamic Culture 1
- Japanese Culture 44
- Jewish History and Culture 14
- Jewish-Christian Philosophy 8
- Korean Culture 9
- LGBTQ+ 5
- Languages and Writing 2
- Mesopotamian Culture 2
- Myanmar Culture 2
- Pottery and Ceramics 7
- Tea 3
- Thai Culture 3
- Ukiyo-e and Shin-hanga 29
#Ancient Times
Anno Domini: Tracing the history of the Christian calendar
The dating system widely used today, referred to as the ‘Anno Domini’ (AD) system, marks time based on the birth of Jesus Christ. However, historical and astronomical evidence suggests that Jesus was likely born several years before the start of Year 1 AD. This discrepancy arises from miscalculations by medieval scholars and sheds light on the challenges of reconstructing historical timelines. Additionally, a fringe theory posits that a significant portion of the Middle Ages was fabricated, casting further intrigue into the construction of historical timekeeping.
25th of December: The origins of Christmas and its potential connections to pagan festivals
The date of December 25th, celebrated worldwide as Christmas, is traditionally recognized as the birthday of Jesus Christ. However, historical research suggests that this date was not chosen based on evidence of Jesus’ actual birthdate. Instead, it aligns with significant pre-Christian festivals, particularly those associated with the Roman sun god Sol Invictus and possibly the cult of Mithras. This intentional overlap reflects the early Church’s efforts to integrate Christian celebrations into the cultural and religious world of the Roman Empire, raising critical questions about the impact of this syncretism on the authenticity of Christian identity and practice
The three Magi: Unraveling their history and symbolism
The image of the three kings visiting the infant Jesus is one of the most iconic scenes of the Nativity story. However, the biblical account in the Gospel of Matthew neither mentions ‘kings’ nor specifies their number. Instead, it speaks of ‘Magi’ from the East, learned astrologers or scholars who followed a star to honor the newborn Jesus. Let us explore the historical and cultural roots of these Magi and clarify some common misconceptions about their identity.
On the Hellenistic heritage in Christian culture and Buddhist art
My recent museum visits and studies have revealed that the perceived differences between various cultures and historical periods are not as pronounced as I once believed. Contrary to the simplified narratives taught in school, the Greco-Roman heritage did not vanish after the fall of the Roman Empire but transformed and adapted into new cultural contexts. This influence extended beyond the Christian culture of the Middle Ages to include the Buddhist art of the Gandhara style. In this post, I will summarize my findings and share my thoughts on this topic.
Lares and the evolution of household deities in Europe
During my visit to the Roman-Germanic Museum in Cologne, I stumbled upon intriguing small deity figures, which piqued my curiosity. Upon further research, I discovered they were representations of Roman Lares, ancient household deities. This discovery led me to draw some parallels with later religious practices, including those found in Eastern traditions.
Cologne's history through a magnifying glass: The city museum
After a long time of closure, the Cologne City Museum reopened its doors in March 2024. The museum, which is now temporarily housed in the former Franz Sauer fashion house, has a large collection of around 350,000 objects spanning from the Middle Ages to the present day. The exhibits cover a wide range of topics, including paintings, graphics, militaria, coins, textiles, furniture, and everyday objects. The museum’s current concept focuses on showcasing a small selection of objects that are presented in an emotional context, offering a unique perspective on societal and historical issues. In my opinion, in this way the museum actually serves as a lens through which visitors can explore the history of 2000-year-old Cologne.
From Roman temple to Christian sanctuary: The historical evolution of St. Maria im Kapitol in Cologne
Standing proudly amidst the historic cityscape of Cologne, St. Maria im Kapitol is more than just a place of worship. It’s a witness to the layers of history that have shaped the city over centuries. At its core lies a rich narrative that traces back to ancient Roman times, where a temple once dedicated to the Capitoline Triad stood. The history of this temple exemplifies how ancient buildings were not simply erased but repurposed and altered over time. It illustrates that the ancient world did not vanish overnight. Instead, it was transformed and integrated into the medieval and modern eras, challenging the image of sharp epochal changes and highlighting a continuous development of cultural and architectural heritage.
Cologne's pottery heritage
Besides its glass production, Cologne also had a relevant ceramic production. During the reign of Augustus, from 27 BC to 14 AD, Cologne began to emerge as a notable center for pottery production. This period marked the initial steps of the city in establishing its reputation in the craft of ceramics
Roman legacy of glass art in Cologne
Cologne not only has a rich Roman heritage, but also a (perhaps) lesser-known history of glassmaking. Archaeological finds in the city have revealed a rich heritage of glass art, encompassing everything from drinking vessels to jewelry and decorative objects. And the Roman-Germanic Museum houses a significant collection of these artifacts. Here are some of my favorite pieces that I have photographed during my visit.
Roman legacy in Cologne
I recently visited the Roman-Germanic Museum in Cologne, that exhibits archeological finds from the Roman and Germanic era in Cologne and the surrounding area. While strolling through the exhibition, I was fascinated by the acute presence of the artifacts on display and the stories behind them. Of course, I’m aware of Cologne’s Roman heritage, but every visit to the museum makes me even more aware of the Roman influence on Cologne’s culture and identity.
1700 years of Jewish history in Cologne
A perhaps not well perceived part of Cologne’s history is its rich Jewish heritage that dates back to the Roman era. The Cologne Jewish community is considered as one of the oldest North of the Alps and has a long and complex history, marked by periods of prosperity and persecution. The community has contributed significantly to the city’s cultural and economic development. Here is a short overview of that history.
Roman origins of the Cologne Carnival
As the clock strikes 11:11 AM tomorrow, the so-called ‘Fifth Season’ begins in Cologne. The city is overrun with revelers, and the streets are bustling with people. The citizens of Cologne celebrate with unrestrained joy and, notably, a fair amount of alcohol. But where does Carnival actually come from? What are its origins, and how has it evolved over time? This post takes you on a brief journey through the history of the Cologne Carnival to shed light on the cultural background of the festival, which tends to be forgotten in today’s thoroughly commercialized carnival.
Gandhara-style Buddhist sculptures
This post ties directly into my previous on The first plastic depictions of Buddha’s life: Gandhara reliefs at the Humboldt Forum, Berlin. In this post, I showcase further, quite impressive Gandhara-style Buddhist sculptures also seen at the Humboldt Museum in Berlin.
The first plastic depictions of Buddha's life: Gandhara reliefs at the Humboldt Forum, Berlin
On my visit to the Museum of Asian Art at the Humboldt Forum in Berlin, I was captivated by 15 stone reliefs depicting the Buddha’s life. Crafted in Gandhara between the 1st and 3rd century, these reliefs are among the earliest narrative representations of the Buddha. Gandhara was more than just a region; it was a melting pot of civilizations, playing an indispensable part in shaping the visual language of Buddhism.
#Buddhism
The Dali Kingdom Scroll
I recently came across the Kingdom of Dali Buddhist Volume of Paintings, a monumental Buddhist handscroll created by Zhang Shengwen around 1180. This 16-meter-long artwork captures the religious and political life of the Dali Kingdom, a flourishing state in present-day Yunnan, China. What fascinates me most is how the scroll not only illustrates Buddhist figures and royal processions but also serves as a visual record of the kingdom’s cultural identity and its deep connection between religion and politics. Now preserved at the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan, this intricate masterpiece offers a glimpse into a unique chapter of East Asian history. In this post, we briefly explore the historical context of the Dali Kingdom and take a close look at the artistic structure and themes of this remarkable scroll.
The mythological roles of 'angels' in East and West
Angels, as intermediaries between the divine and the mortal, have captured the human imagination across cultures and religions. In the Abrahamic traditions, angels are messengers, guardians, and executors of divine will, often depicted as ethereal beings imbued with spiritual power. Their origin, however, is deeply rooted in ancient Near Eastern and Hellenistic traditions, which influenced the conceptualization of angels in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Simultaneously, analogous figures in Buddhism and Asian traditions, influenced in part by Hellenistic cultural exchanges after Alexander the Great, reveal the interconnectedness of cultural and religious ideas in the ancient world.
St. George the dragon-slayer: A comparative perspective on dragons in the East and West
The figure of St. George, often depicted as a dragon-slaying saint, occupies a central place in Christian hagiography and European folklore. Revered as a martyr, warrior, and protector, St. George symbolizes the triumph of good over evil and has been embraced as a patron saint by numerous cultures and nations. His legend, especially the iconic tale of slaying a dragon, resonates deeply within Western traditions. However, the symbolism of dragons in the East, particularly in Asia, provides a striking contrast, offering a lens through which to explore cultural divergences in the interpretation of mythical creatures.
From ukiyo-e to horimono: The Japanese art of tattooing and its historical roots
Horimono (彫り物), the traditional Japanese art of tattooing, is a deeply rooted cultural practice that actually dates back thousands of years. Its history is intertwined with Japan’s social evolution, spiritual beliefs – and the ukiyo-e woodblock printing tradition. From its ancient origins to its association with the yakuza and its current resurgence as an art form, horimono reflects Japan’s complex relationship with tattooing – oscillating between reverence, stigma, and admiration – and the transformation of ukiyo-e into a new, living canvas through the art of tattooing.
Byōbu – The art of Japanese folding screens
The tradition of kakemono and emakimono is closely related to other forms of Japanese narrative art, such as byōbu (屏風) and fusuma (襖). Byōbu are folding screens that feature painted scenes, often with narrative elements, while fusuma are sliding doors that can be decorated with paintings or calligraphy. Together, these art forms create a rich visual narrative expression in Japanese culture, reflecting the interconnectedness of art, literature, and daily life. Here are some shots of the most remarkable examples of byōbu that I was able to collect during my recent visits to various museums and exhibitions.
Emakimono: The art of Japanese handscrolls
Emakimono, or Japanese handscrolls, are a captivating form of narrative art that emerged during the Heian period (794-1185 AD). These exquisite scrolls combine text and pictures to tell stories, document courtly life, or illustrate poetic themes. The format allows for sequential viewing, where the story unfolds as the scroll is gradually unrolled from right to left, offering a unique and intimate artistic experience. In this post, we explore the history, techniques, and cultural significance of emakimono in Japanese art and literature.
Kakemono: The art of Japanese hanging scrolls
Kakemono, or Japanese hanging scrolls, are a prominent feature in the traditional Japanese art landscape. These scrolls are designed to be displayed vertically and are often used to adorn the alcoves of Japanese homes, particularly in settings like the tea ceremony. The art of kakemono centers around the aesthetics of simplicity and seasonal change, making it a dynamic element of Japanese decor. In this post, we briefly explore the history and significance of kakemono in Japanese art and culture.
Exploring Buddhist and East Asian art in Cologne
Cologne, a city rich in Christian history and culture, also offers a unique opportunity for enthusiasts of Buddhist and East Asian art. The city is home to two remarkable institutions: the Museum of East Asian Art and the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum. Here some of my favorite pieces from both museums.
On the Hellenistic heritage in Christian culture and Buddhist art
My recent museum visits and studies have revealed that the perceived differences between various cultures and historical periods are not as pronounced as I once believed. Contrary to the simplified narratives taught in school, the Greco-Roman heritage did not vanish after the fall of the Roman Empire but transformed and adapted into new cultural contexts. This influence extended beyond the Christian culture of the Middle Ages to include the Buddhist art of the Gandhara style. In this post, I will summarize my findings and share my thoughts on this topic.
Lares and the evolution of household deities in Europe
During my visit to the Roman-Germanic Museum in Cologne, I stumbled upon intriguing small deity figures, which piqued my curiosity. Upon further research, I discovered they were representations of Roman Lares, ancient household deities. This discovery led me to draw some parallels with later religious practices, including those found in Eastern traditions.
Chinese scholar's rocks
The Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne is currently hosting an enlightening exhibition on Chinese scholar’s rocks, also known as gōngshí. The exhibition features a wide range of rocks from renowned regions such as Yingde in Guangdong, Liuyang in Hunan, and Lake Tai in Jiangsu. The rocks are displayed alongside other objects such as writing brushes, ink stones, and porcelain vessels. It provides a fascinating insight into the history and culture of Chinese scholar’s rocks and their significance in Chinese art and literature.
From Qingdao to Cologne: 50 Masterpieces of East Asian art
The Oriental Endowment for the Promotion of East Asian Art in Cologne celebrates its 50th anniversary with a remarkable exhibition of 50 masterpieces of East Asian art. The exhibition is running at the Museum of East Asian Art and has now been extended until the end of September 2024. It’s a great opportunity to see some of the most beautiful pieces of East Asian art, covering a wide range of art forms, including ceramics, bronzes, paintings, and sculptures from China, Japan, and Korea. The pieces are drawn from the museum’s collection, which was founded by Hans-Wilhelm Siegel, a businessman, patron and collector of East Asian art.
From Gothic to Zen: Comparing medieval Western and Eastern wooden sculptures
The art of wood sculpture, prevalent in both medieval Europe and East Asia, offers a fascinating study in contrasts and similarities. While both regions developed rich traditions in wood carving, their cultural, religious, and artistic trajectories shaped distinct styles and themes. Here is a brief comparison of selected medieval European and East Asian wooden sculptures.
Beyond the sacred: Exploring medieval art at the Schnütgen Museum
For me, a visit to the Schnütgen Museum is always both refreshing and enlightening. Situated in the heart of Cologne, the museum offers a unique blend of local and European religious art and cultural heritage, presented in a secular, yet respectful light. It enables visitors to appreciate the artworks as individual pieces of art, detached from their original religious context.
A Zen-Buddhist interpretation of the 'Kölsches Grundgesetz'
Zen op Kölsch – I recently discovered a small booklet by Michael Wittschier, who interpreted the so-called ‘Kölsches Grundgesetz’ in a Taoist way. Taoism is a philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Dào, a term that can be translated as ‘the way’, ‘the path’, or ‘the way of nature’. Wittschier’s interpretation is a very interesting read and I couldn’t resist to buy the booklet. However, I also thought that it would by an interesting experiment to interpret the ‘Kölsches Grundgesetz’ in a Zen-Buddhist way. So, here we go.
Helena Parada Kim's 'Interstices' - A fusion of cultures and traditions
Helena Parada Kim’s ‘Interstices’ at the Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne masterfully blends Korean traditions with European artistry, creating a dialogue between past and present. Her unique approach to cultural fusion is exemplified in works that juxtapose traditional Korean motifs with contemporary European painting techniques, offering a fresh perspective on cultural identity and arts in general.
Netsuke – The elegance of Japanese craftsmanship
The Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne is currently hosting the exhibition ‘Kyōto’s Netsuke - Masters & Myths’ to celebrate the 60-year partnership between Cologne and Kyōto. The exhibition showcases an extraordinary selection of netsuke from the Kyōto school, each piece embodying the exceptional Japanese craftsmanship and celebrating the long-standing friendship between the two cities.
The Three Worlds
The royal illuminated manuscript ‘Traiphum’ from Bangkok, 1776, depicts the tripartite Buddhist cosmos and is a testament to King Takin’s reign after the fall of Ayutthaya. Luckily, I had the chance to see it at the Humboldt Forum in Berlin.
The Tale of Prince Vishvantara
During my recent visit to the Humboldt Forum, I came across a captivating image from a series that dates back to 1837, illustrating the life of Prince Vishvantara. This prince’s life, emblematic of unparalleled generosity, is a celebrated narrative in Buddhism, annually honored in various Southeast Asian festivals.
Exploring the Renaissance at the Bode Museum
While the Bode Museum’s medieval collection invites introspection into the raw spiritual expressions of the Gothic era, its Renaissance collection beckons with a different allure. Here are some impressions I collected during my latest visit.
The Bode Museum: A new lens on medieval art
At the heart of Berlin’s Museum Island, the Bode Museum offers a unique opportunity to engage with Christian art. The museum’s collection of medieval art, in particular, provides an intriguing opportunity to explore these artifacts outside of their traditional religious context.
The three perfections: Chinese artistic tradition
In the rich Chinese cultural history, three art forms stand out as pillars of classical education and self-expression: poetry, calligraphy, and painting. Collectively, they are known as ‘The Three Perfections’, representing the culmination of Chinese artistic tradition.
Korean ceramics: Spirituality through simplicity and purity
Korean ceramics embody a serene beauty born from simplicity, clarity, and an embrace of natural imperfections. The Humboldt Museum showcases this centuries-old tradition, offering a reflective journey into Korea’s unique interpretation of art, nature, and spirituality.
The many faces of the Buddha
The Humboldt Forum in Berlin holds an extensive collection of Buddha and Bodhisattva sculptures from all over Southeast Asia: China, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Tibet, Nepal. In this post, I’d like to show the many faces of Buddhist sculptures that I have discovered in the Forum.
The Kizil Caves
The Kizil Caves are a set of Buddhist rock-cut caves situated near Kizil, Xinjiang, China. Historically significant and renowned for their intricate murals, these caves offer a fascinating glimpse into the rich murals and sculptures of Buddhism in China and Central Asia. Artifacts recovered from the caves are displayed alongside fragments of the murals at the Humboldt Forum in Berlin.
Buddhist clay tablets from Myanmar
Another quite interesting finding I made at the Humboldt Forum were some Buddhist clay tablets from Myanmar. I was impressed by the similarities with Christian panels depicting scenes from the life of Jesus, biblical events, or saints – another example of the universality of artistic expressions across diverse cultural traditions.
Gandhara-style Buddhist sculptures
This post ties directly into my previous on The first plastic depictions of Buddha’s life: Gandhara reliefs at the Humboldt Forum, Berlin. In this post, I showcase further, quite impressive Gandhara-style Buddhist sculptures also seen at the Humboldt Museum in Berlin.
The first plastic depictions of Buddha's life: Gandhara reliefs at the Humboldt Forum, Berlin
On my visit to the Museum of Asian Art at the Humboldt Forum in Berlin, I was captivated by 15 stone reliefs depicting the Buddha’s life. Crafted in Gandhara between the 1st and 3rd century, these reliefs are among the earliest narrative representations of the Buddha. Gandhara was more than just a region; it was a melting pot of civilizations, playing an indispensable part in shaping the visual language of Buddhism.
East and West: Finding common grounds in distinct artistic traditions
I recently visited the Museum of East Asian Art and the Museum Schnütgen for European Medieval Art, both in Cologne. Having explored these museums in quick succession, I was struck by both the contrasts and surprising parallels in the artistic expressions of East and West.
Embracing imperfections: Kintsugi and the story of my teapot
Kintsugi, the traditional Japanese art of ‘golden joinery’, celebrates the beauty of brokenness. My experience with a cherished teapot taught me not just about repair, but about embracing imperfections and celebrating the breakage and repair as an integral part of an object’s history.
#Chinese Culture
The Dali Kingdom Scroll
I recently came across the Kingdom of Dali Buddhist Volume of Paintings, a monumental Buddhist handscroll created by Zhang Shengwen around 1180. This 16-meter-long artwork captures the religious and political life of the Dali Kingdom, a flourishing state in present-day Yunnan, China. What fascinates me most is how the scroll not only illustrates Buddhist figures and royal processions but also serves as a visual record of the kingdom’s cultural identity and its deep connection between religion and politics. Now preserved at the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan, this intricate masterpiece offers a glimpse into a unique chapter of East Asian history. In this post, we briefly explore the historical context of the Dali Kingdom and take a close look at the artistic structure and themes of this remarkable scroll.
St. George the dragon-slayer: A comparative perspective on dragons in the East and West
The figure of St. George, often depicted as a dragon-slaying saint, occupies a central place in Christian hagiography and European folklore. Revered as a martyr, warrior, and protector, St. George symbolizes the triumph of good over evil and has been embraced as a patron saint by numerous cultures and nations. His legend, especially the iconic tale of slaying a dragon, resonates deeply within Western traditions. However, the symbolism of dragons in the East, particularly in Asia, provides a striking contrast, offering a lens through which to explore cultural divergences in the interpretation of mythical creatures.
Emakimono: The art of Japanese handscrolls
Emakimono, or Japanese handscrolls, are a captivating form of narrative art that emerged during the Heian period (794-1185 AD). These exquisite scrolls combine text and pictures to tell stories, document courtly life, or illustrate poetic themes. The format allows for sequential viewing, where the story unfolds as the scroll is gradually unrolled from right to left, offering a unique and intimate artistic experience. In this post, we explore the history, techniques, and cultural significance of emakimono in Japanese art and literature.
Kakemono: The art of Japanese hanging scrolls
Kakemono, or Japanese hanging scrolls, are a prominent feature in the traditional Japanese art landscape. These scrolls are designed to be displayed vertically and are often used to adorn the alcoves of Japanese homes, particularly in settings like the tea ceremony. The art of kakemono centers around the aesthetics of simplicity and seasonal change, making it a dynamic element of Japanese decor. In this post, we briefly explore the history and significance of kakemono in Japanese art and culture.
Exploring Buddhist and East Asian art in Cologne
Cologne, a city rich in Christian history and culture, also offers a unique opportunity for enthusiasts of Buddhist and East Asian art. The city is home to two remarkable institutions: the Museum of East Asian Art and the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum. Here some of my favorite pieces from both museums.
On the Hellenistic heritage in Christian culture and Buddhist art
My recent museum visits and studies have revealed that the perceived differences between various cultures and historical periods are not as pronounced as I once believed. Contrary to the simplified narratives taught in school, the Greco-Roman heritage did not vanish after the fall of the Roman Empire but transformed and adapted into new cultural contexts. This influence extended beyond the Christian culture of the Middle Ages to include the Buddhist art of the Gandhara style. In this post, I will summarize my findings and share my thoughts on this topic.
Chinese scholar's rocks
The Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne is currently hosting an enlightening exhibition on Chinese scholar’s rocks, also known as gōngshí. The exhibition features a wide range of rocks from renowned regions such as Yingde in Guangdong, Liuyang in Hunan, and Lake Tai in Jiangsu. The rocks are displayed alongside other objects such as writing brushes, ink stones, and porcelain vessels. It provides a fascinating insight into the history and culture of Chinese scholar’s rocks and their significance in Chinese art and literature.
From Qingdao to Cologne: 50 Masterpieces of East Asian art
The Oriental Endowment for the Promotion of East Asian Art in Cologne celebrates its 50th anniversary with a remarkable exhibition of 50 masterpieces of East Asian art. The exhibition is running at the Museum of East Asian Art and has now been extended until the end of September 2024. It’s a great opportunity to see some of the most beautiful pieces of East Asian art, covering a wide range of art forms, including ceramics, bronzes, paintings, and sculptures from China, Japan, and Korea. The pieces are drawn from the museum’s collection, which was founded by Hans-Wilhelm Siegel, a businessman, patron and collector of East Asian art.
From Gothic to Zen: Comparing medieval Western and Eastern wooden sculptures
The art of wood sculpture, prevalent in both medieval Europe and East Asia, offers a fascinating study in contrasts and similarities. While both regions developed rich traditions in wood carving, their cultural, religious, and artistic trajectories shaped distinct styles and themes. Here is a brief comparison of selected medieval European and East Asian wooden sculptures.
The three perfections: Chinese artistic tradition
In the rich Chinese cultural history, three art forms stand out as pillars of classical education and self-expression: poetry, calligraphy, and painting. Collectively, they are known as ‘The Three Perfections’, representing the culmination of Chinese artistic tradition.
The many faces of the Buddha
The Humboldt Forum in Berlin holds an extensive collection of Buddha and Bodhisattva sculptures from all over Southeast Asia: China, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Tibet, Nepal. In this post, I’d like to show the many faces of Buddhist sculptures that I have discovered in the Forum.
The Kizil Caves
The Kizil Caves are a set of Buddhist rock-cut caves situated near Kizil, Xinjiang, China. Historically significant and renowned for their intricate murals, these caves offer a fascinating glimpse into the rich murals and sculptures of Buddhism in China and Central Asia. Artifacts recovered from the caves are displayed alongside fragments of the murals at the Humboldt Forum in Berlin.
East and West: Finding common grounds in distinct artistic traditions
I recently visited the Museum of East Asian Art and the Museum Schnütgen for European Medieval Art, both in Cologne. Having explored these museums in quick succession, I was struck by both the contrasts and surprising parallels in the artistic expressions of East and West.
#Christian Culture
The mythological roles of 'angels' in East and West
Angels, as intermediaries between the divine and the mortal, have captured the human imagination across cultures and religions. In the Abrahamic traditions, angels are messengers, guardians, and executors of divine will, often depicted as ethereal beings imbued with spiritual power. Their origin, however, is deeply rooted in ancient Near Eastern and Hellenistic traditions, which influenced the conceptualization of angels in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Simultaneously, analogous figures in Buddhism and Asian traditions, influenced in part by Hellenistic cultural exchanges after Alexander the Great, reveal the interconnectedness of cultural and religious ideas in the ancient world.
St. George the dragon-slayer: A comparative perspective on dragons in the East and West
The figure of St. George, often depicted as a dragon-slaying saint, occupies a central place in Christian hagiography and European folklore. Revered as a martyr, warrior, and protector, St. George symbolizes the triumph of good over evil and has been embraced as a patron saint by numerous cultures and nations. His legend, especially the iconic tale of slaying a dragon, resonates deeply within Western traditions. However, the symbolism of dragons in the East, particularly in Asia, provides a striking contrast, offering a lens through which to explore cultural divergences in the interpretation of mythical creatures.
Anno Domini: Tracing the history of the Christian calendar
The dating system widely used today, referred to as the ‘Anno Domini’ (AD) system, marks time based on the birth of Jesus Christ. However, historical and astronomical evidence suggests that Jesus was likely born several years before the start of Year 1 AD. This discrepancy arises from miscalculations by medieval scholars and sheds light on the challenges of reconstructing historical timelines. Additionally, a fringe theory posits that a significant portion of the Middle Ages was fabricated, casting further intrigue into the construction of historical timekeeping.
25th of December: The origins of Christmas and its potential connections to pagan festivals
The date of December 25th, celebrated worldwide as Christmas, is traditionally recognized as the birthday of Jesus Christ. However, historical research suggests that this date was not chosen based on evidence of Jesus’ actual birthdate. Instead, it aligns with significant pre-Christian festivals, particularly those associated with the Roman sun god Sol Invictus and possibly the cult of Mithras. This intentional overlap reflects the early Church’s efforts to integrate Christian celebrations into the cultural and religious world of the Roman Empire, raising critical questions about the impact of this syncretism on the authenticity of Christian identity and practice
The three Magi: Unraveling their history and symbolism
The image of the three kings visiting the infant Jesus is one of the most iconic scenes of the Nativity story. However, the biblical account in the Gospel of Matthew neither mentions ‘kings’ nor specifies their number. Instead, it speaks of ‘Magi’ from the East, learned astrologers or scholars who followed a star to honor the newborn Jesus. Let us explore the historical and cultural roots of these Magi and clarify some common misconceptions about their identity.
The nativity scene: Was Jesus really born in a stable?
The image of Jesus being born in a stable, surrounded by animals, has become one of the most iconic symbols of Christmas. From nativity scenes in churches to family decorations, this depiction shapes how many imagine the story of Christ’s birth. However, historical and cultural research suggests that this portrayal may not reflect the reality of first-century Judea. Instead, Jesus was likely born in a lower-level space within a home – or even a cave – rather than a standalone stable. In this post, we explore the evidence behind this reinterpretation.
The cynicism of Christian tree worship: A reflection on Christmas trees and the destruction of pagan cult objects
The Christmas tree, a beloved emblem of the Christian holiday season, has become a symbol of festivity, community, and faith. However, the tradition of the Christmas tree is fraught with historical irony. This seemingly innocuous practice, now integral to Christian celebrations, stands in stark contrast to the violent missionary campaigns of early Christianity, during which sacred trees and other pagan cult objects were systematically destroyed. In this post, we briefly explore the paradoxical history of the Christmas tree.
Christmas wreath: A modern tradition rooted in compassion and faith
When we think of the Christmas season, the image of a glowing advent wreath immediately comes to mind – its candles counting down the weeks to Christmas. However, this beloved tradition is not as old as one might think. The Christmas wreath, as we know it today, originates from the 19th century and carries profound social and spiritual symbolism. In this post, we briefly explore its origins, transformation over time, and the meanings it conveys in today’s world.
Nicholas of Myra: A bishop who inspired a worldwide tradition
It’s December, and the festive season is upon us! In Europe and in many parts of the world, the figure of Saint Nicholas is a central part of the holiday traditions. In Germany, his feast day is December 6th, when children leave their shoes out to be filled with small gifts, nuts, and sweets. In some regions, he arrives in person, dressed as a bishop, accompanied by helpers like the stern Krampus or the friendly Knecht Ruprecht, who judge the behavior of children over the past year. This cherished custom is just one expression of the legacy of Nicholas of Myra, whose life and legends form the basis for countless traditions across the Christian world and beyond. But who was Nicholas of Myra, and why has he become such a central figure of generosity and devotion? In this post, we explore the life of this 4th-century bishop, the miracles and legends associated with him, and trace how his story evolved into modern traditions, including the beloved figure of Santa Claus – a modern blend of different Saint Nicholas traditions.
Martin of Tours: A rare example of lived Christian values in the history of the Church
If you live in Germany or other parts of Europe, you might have witnessed a peculiar sight on the evening of November 11th: children parading through the streets with glowing lanterns, singing cheerful songs, and following a rider on a horse dressed as a Roman soldier. Despite the November chill, the atmosphere was warm and festive, and perhaps you even spotted the traditional Weckmann – a sweet bread figure often enjoyed on this day. This scene is part of Martinstag (or just St. Martin; English: Saint Martin’s Day), a cherished tradition in Germany and beyond. But have you ever wondered who is being celebrated? The man behind these customs is Martin of Tours, a Roman soldier turned Christian bishop, whose life of humility and compassion inspired centuries of reverence. In this post, we briefly explore Martin’s story, the miracles and legends attributed to him, and how his legacy shaped the traditions we know today.
Rood screens and the medieval clerical-laity divide
In a recently broadcast documentary on ARTE, I learned about an architectural element in medieval Christian churches that is rarely seen today: the rood screen. This element, which visually and physically separated the clerical space of the choir (the area around the altar) from the nave occupied by lay worshippers, caught my interest and led me to do further research into the social and theological aspects that prevailed in medieval churches. I discovered that medieval Christianity was very different from what is practiced today. Instead of a participatory approach, in which all believers actively participate in worship, there was a clear separation between clergy and laity. Rather, medieval Christianity was hierarchical and exclusive in character, with the relationship between clergy and laity characterized by distance and dependence. Here is a brief summary of what I have been able to find out so far.
Autobahnkirche Medenbach
While on a road trip to Mainz, I had an unexpected encounter at a highway rest stop: the Autobahnkirche Medenbach. Tucked away in an area typically associated with traffic and noise, this minimalist chapel was a strong contrast to its surroundings. The experience of stepping inside the chapel’s area was like shortly entering another world – one of serenity, light and shadows. In an environment dominated by the rush of cars and the hum of the autobahn, this small structure provides a quiet refuge, offering a unique opportunity for reflection and rest. Here is a closer look at this small chapel and what I could find out about its history and design so-far.
Kolumba Museum: Peter Zumthor's vision of light, space, and history
The Kolumba Museum in Cologne stands as a unique fusion of history, art, and architecture, offering visitors an extraordinary sensory experience. Designed by the renowned Swiss architect Peter Zumthor and completed in 2007, the museum is a striking example of how contemporary architecture can harmoniously blend with the past. Situated on the site of the former St. Kolumba church, which was heavily damaged during World War II, the museum masterfully incorporates the medieval ruins, the post-war chapel Madonna in den Trümmern, and modern spaces into a cohesive and contemplative whole. This architectural gem creates a dialogue between light, shadow, space, and the centuries of art and history housed within its walls.
Reassessing Pius XII: New insights into the Catholic Church's role during the Holocaust and the Ratlines
Pope Pius XII’s pontificate during World War II remains one of the most debated periods in the history of the Catholic Church. While his defenders argue that his actions were guided by a commitment to neutrality and the protection of Catholics, critics contend that his decisions reflected moral compromises that undermined the Church’s credibility. New insights, such as those presented in the ARTE documentary The Pope and the Holocaust, shed additional light on Pope Pius XII’s role during this tumultuous period. These revelations warrant a reassessment of his actions, especially concerning the Holocaust and the post-war Ratlines.
Schloss Brühl: A symbol of clerical excess and power
Schloss Augustusburg (Augustusburg Palace) in Brühl, near Cologne, is one of Germany’s most notable examples of Rococo architecture and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its history is intricately linked to the powerful Electors and Archbishops of Cologne, particularly Clemens August of Bavaria, who commissioned its construction in the early 18th century. Born into a family of immense wealth and influence, Clemens August was not only a high-ranking member of the Catholic Church but also a ruler with vast temporal power. His reign was marked by extravagant displays of wealth, both in his personal lifestyle and in the construction of grand architectural projects like Schloss Augustusburg.
Cologne's Historical City Hall
The Historical City Hall (Historisches Rathaus) in Cologne stands as one of the city’s most iconic monuments, reflecting its rich political and economic history. The current city hall complex is a blend of various architectural styles from different periods, illustrating Cologne’s transformation over centuries, from a prominent medieval trading hub in the Hanseatic League to a powerful free city of the Holy Roman Empire. Some weeks ago, I was lucky to visit the city hall during the Day of the Open Monument in 2024. Here are some few impressions and a brief overview of the history of the city hall.
Cologne, the 'Hillige Stadt'
Cologne’s historical role as a religious hub in central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire is epitomized by its twelve Romanesque churches, each a witnessing the city’s spiritual, architectural, and cultural legacy over the centuries. Situated north of the Alps, Cologne emerged as a key center of Christianity, home to a network of churches that fostered a spiritual life for its medieval inhabitants and served as significant pilgrimage sites. The city’s status as the ‘Hillige Stadt’ or ‘Holy City’ was not merely due to the grandeur of its churches but also tied to its vast collection of sacred relics, which placed it on par with other major pilgrimage centers like Rome and Jerusalem. This profound religious influence continues to shape Cologne’s identity today, albeit in ways that transcend the strictly Catholic framework of the past.
Rediscovering Cologne's early Christian baptistery
The rediscovery of Cologne’s early Christian baptistery in 1866 unearthed one of the oldest and most significant Christian relics north of the Alps. This ancient site, located near the Cologne Cathedral, dates back to the 6th century and played a crucial role in the city’s early Christian community. The octagonal baptismal basin (Piscina), central to the baptistery’s design, offers a rare glimpse into the architectural and liturgical practices of early Christianity in the Rhineland. Today, the site has been preserved and sensitively modernized, showcasing both the spiritual and historical significance of early Christian architecture. Fortunately, I was lucky to visit the site during the Day of the Open Monument in 2024. Here are some impressions together with a brief overview of the history of the baptistery, from what I have been able to find out so far.
St. Kolumba in Cologne: A beacon against the war and a symbol of resilience and resurrection
St. Kolumba, one of Cologne’s historic churches, is a symbol of both the city’s rich medieval heritage and its capacity to rise from the ashes of destruction. The church was among the many historical sites severely damaged during World War II. Today, while much of the original structure no longer stands, the legacy of St. Kolumba endures, most notably through the poignant Madonna in den Trümmern (Madonna of the Ruins) and the modern Kolumba Museum that integrates its ruins. Here we focus on the history of St. Kolumba, from its founding to its destruction and transformation. In a later article, we will explore the 2007 opened Kolumba Museum.
St. Maria in Lyskirchen: A treasure of medieval frescoes in Cologne
St. Maria in Lyskirchen is the smallest of Cologne’s twelve Romanesque churches but holds great historical and artistic significance. It is situated in the southern part of the city’s Altstadt district, right at the Rhine river bank. Built between 1198 and 1225, the church’s structure is that of a three-aisled basilica, closely modeled after St. Kunibert, one of Cologne’s larger Romanesque churches. What distinguishes St. Maria in Lyskirchen from the other Romanesque churches is the well-preserved medieval frescoes from the 13th century and the reverence of the Schiffermadonna (Sailor’s Madonna). The name ‘Lyskirchen’ likely originates from a nobleman named Lysolvus or Lisolfus, who founded the original church as a private chapel. Today, both the church and its adjacent buildings, including the sacristy and sexton’s house, are listed as protected monuments. In October 2024, I was able to visit the church. Here is a summary of my impressions and what I could find out about its historical background so far.
St. Kunibert: A symbol of Romanesque grandeur
St. Kunibert is one of the twelve Romanesque basilicas in Cologne, located near the Rhine in the northern part of the city’s old town. Named after Kunibert, the 7th-century bishop of Cologne, this church is an iconic example of the city’s religious heritage, representing centuries of architectural, cultural, and spiritual significance. Apart from that, the church holds numerous religious artifacts and relics, which are of historical and religious significance. Last month, I was able to visit the church. Here is a summary of my impressions and its historical background.
St. Georg: Cologne's 'Ravenna on the Rhine'
St. Georg in Cologne is one of the city’s twelve Romanesque churches, holding historical, architectural, and religious significance. Its construction began in 1059, and it was consecrated in 1067. The church stands on the site of a Roman guard post that controlled traffic between Cologne and Bonn during Roman times. This location links St. Georg with the deep historical roots of the city, from its Roman past through to its development during the Middle Ages. In October this year I had the chance to visit the church and learn more about its history and architectural features. Here is a summary of what I’ve learned so far.
Baroque splendor as a tool of the Counter-Reformation: St. Mariä Himmelfahrt in Cologne
Located near the Cologne Cathedral, the Catholic parish church of St. Mariä Himmelfahrt stands as one of Cologne’s largest churches, second only to the Cathedral itself. Built during the early 17th century, it remains one of the few surviving Baroque architectural monuments in the city. Despite the city’s Gothic-dominated skyline, this Jesuit-designed church offers a remarkable insight into the Baroque era’s religious and architectural innovations – and it illustrates the Catholic Church’s efforts to reaffirm its power through monumental and elaborate religious structures. In this post, we briefly to explore the history, architecture, and artistic elements of this church, highlighting its significance in Cologne’s religious and cultural landscape.
Trinitatiskirche: Historical Protestant church in the heart of Catholic Cologne
The Trinitatiskirche, located in the southern part of Cologne’s Old Town near the Heumarkt, is the oldest Protestant church built on the left bank of the Rhine in Cologne. As a significant landmark for the city’s Protestant community, it represents both religious history and modern cultural engagement. Today, the church serves not only as a venue for special religious services but also as a space for concerts, events, and art exhibitions. Additionally, it is a regular place of worship for the city’s deaf evangelical community. Earlier this year, I had the chance to visit the church. In this post, I’d like to summarize its historical background as far as I could find out.
Antoniterkirche in Cologne: Transformation of a medieval church throughout history
The Antoniterkirche is one of the key Protestant churches in Cologne, standing out as a unique Gothic structure amidst the city’s predominantly Catholic heritage. Located on Schildergasse, a bustling shopping street, the Antoniterkirche provides a quiet retreat for visitors, combining historical architecture with modern spiritual significance. Originally built by the Catholic Antonite Order in the 14th century, the church has undergone several transformations, most notably during the Reformation and the aftermath of World War II, reflecting Cologne’s dynamic religious and cultural history.
Basilica of the Holy Apostles in Cologne
St. Aposteln is one of Cologne’s twelve major Romanesque churches, embodying the city’s rich medieval heritage and religious devotion. Located at Neumarkt, one of Cologne’s busiest squares, the church stands as an architectural and spiritual landmark. Known for its distinctive Three-Apsed Choir (Trikonchos) and Romanesque westwork, St. Aposteln has played a central role in both liturgical and civic life throughout its long history. Despite suffering severe damage during World War II, the church has been meticulously restored and continues to serve as an active parish. Today, St. Aposteln symbolizes both Cologne’s long backtracking history and its ongoing commitment to preserving its legacy in a modern urban setting.
Groß St. Martin: How a Romanesque church reflects a city's history
Groß St. Martin is one of the most iconic Romanesque churches in Cologne, alongside the world-famous Cologne Cathedral. Its towering presence over the city’s skyline has been a landmark for centuries, signifying not only its architectural grandeur but also its deep religious and historical significance. The church’s story spans from antiquity through the medieval era and into modern times, with transformations that reflect broader trends in the religious and civic history of Cologne. Today, Groß St. Martin serves as a place of worship under the care of the Fraternité de Jérusalem (Communities of Jerusalem), continuing a tradition of spiritual dedication in the heart of the city.
On the Hellenistic heritage in Christian culture and Buddhist art
My recent museum visits and studies have revealed that the perceived differences between various cultures and historical periods are not as pronounced as I once believed. Contrary to the simplified narratives taught in school, the Greco-Roman heritage did not vanish after the fall of the Roman Empire but transformed and adapted into new cultural contexts. This influence extended beyond the Christian culture of the Middle Ages to include the Buddhist art of the Gandhara style. In this post, I will summarize my findings and share my thoughts on this topic.
Lares and the evolution of household deities in Europe
During my visit to the Roman-Germanic Museum in Cologne, I stumbled upon intriguing small deity figures, which piqued my curiosity. Upon further research, I discovered they were representations of Roman Lares, ancient household deities. This discovery led me to draw some parallels with later religious practices, including those found in Eastern traditions.
Cologne's history through a magnifying glass: The city museum
After a long time of closure, the Cologne City Museum reopened its doors in March 2024. The museum, which is now temporarily housed in the former Franz Sauer fashion house, has a large collection of around 350,000 objects spanning from the Middle Ages to the present day. The exhibits cover a wide range of topics, including paintings, graphics, militaria, coins, textiles, furniture, and everyday objects. The museum’s current concept focuses on showcasing a small selection of objects that are presented in an emotional context, offering a unique perspective on societal and historical issues. In my opinion, in this way the museum actually serves as a lens through which visitors can explore the history of 2000-year-old Cologne.
From Roman temple to Christian sanctuary: The historical evolution of St. Maria im Kapitol in Cologne
Standing proudly amidst the historic cityscape of Cologne, St. Maria im Kapitol is more than just a place of worship. It’s a witness to the layers of history that have shaped the city over centuries. At its core lies a rich narrative that traces back to ancient Roman times, where a temple once dedicated to the Capitoline Triad stood. The history of this temple exemplifies how ancient buildings were not simply erased but repurposed and altered over time. It illustrates that the ancient world did not vanish overnight. Instead, it was transformed and integrated into the medieval and modern eras, challenging the image of sharp epochal changes and highlighting a continuous development of cultural and architectural heritage.
From Gothic to Zen: Comparing medieval Western and Eastern wooden sculptures
The art of wood sculpture, prevalent in both medieval Europe and East Asia, offers a fascinating study in contrasts and similarities. While both regions developed rich traditions in wood carving, their cultural, religious, and artistic trajectories shaped distinct styles and themes. Here is a brief comparison of selected medieval European and East Asian wooden sculptures.
Silent narrators: Medieval wood sculptures
During my recent visits to churches and medieval museums, I was impressed by the remarkable craftsmanship and artistic expression of wooden sculptures. These sculptures, primarily driven by religious themes, offer a unique window into the medieval mind, its craftsmanship, and its spiritual quests. Here are some shots of my favorite wood sculptures that I captured during my last visits to the Museum Schnütgen and other places in Cologne.
The Bright Age: The vibrant colors of medieval Christian art
The term ‘Dark Ages’, often used to describe the medieval period, conjures images of a grim, colorless world, shrouded in piety and the ultimate fear of God. However, this portrayal is a far cry from the reality of medieval life, especially when it comes to art. During a recent visit to the Wallraf-Richartz Museum in Cologne, I was struck by the vibrant colors, the richness of detail and imagination, and the criticism of secular and clerical authority often inherent in medieval Christian imagery. Here are some of my favorite artworks, hopefully shedding some light on a common misconception.
Faith and commerce: The medieval relic trade in Cologne
During my last visit to the Schnütgen Museum, I noticed a series of elaborate reliquary busts. These intricately crafted artifacts were shaped like the upper bodies of figures meant to represent saints, kings, and queens. Each bust had an opening to enclose and hold the corresponding relic. Their skillful artistry was immediately striking. Intrigued by this encounter, I began to do some research, uncovering a fascinating yet ironic chapter in the history of Cologne.
Beyond the sacred: Exploring medieval art at the Schnütgen Museum
For me, a visit to the Schnütgen Museum is always both refreshing and enlightening. Situated in the heart of Cologne, the museum offers a unique blend of local and European religious art and cultural heritage, presented in a secular, yet respectful light. It enables visitors to appreciate the artworks as individual pieces of art, detached from their original religious context.
1700 years of Jewish history in Cologne
A perhaps not well perceived part of Cologne’s history is its rich Jewish heritage that dates back to the Roman era. The Cologne Jewish community is considered as one of the oldest North of the Alps and has a long and complex history, marked by periods of prosperity and persecution. The community has contributed significantly to the city’s cultural and economic development. Here is a short overview of that history.
Origins of Cologne's coat of arms
Did you ever wonder about the coat of arms of Cologne and why it is the way it is? I just did some research and found out that its history is quite interesting and also includes some funny twists.
Roman origins of the Cologne Carnival
As the clock strikes 11:11 AM tomorrow, the so-called ‘Fifth Season’ begins in Cologne. The city is overrun with revelers, and the streets are bustling with people. The citizens of Cologne celebrate with unrestrained joy and, notably, a fair amount of alcohol. But where does Carnival actually come from? What are its origins, and how has it evolved over time? This post takes you on a brief journey through the history of the Cologne Carnival to shed light on the cultural background of the festival, which tends to be forgotten in today’s thoroughly commercialized carnival.
The Ratlines: Post-war escape networks for Nazis and fascists – with the complicity of the Catholic Church
The Ratlines were clandestine escape routes established after World War II to facilitate the flight of high-ranking Nazi officials, collaborators, and other war criminals from Europe. These networks allowed some of history’s most notorious figures, responsible for orchestrating the Holocaust and other atrocities, to evade justice. Operating in the shadowy aftermath of the war, the Ratlines exposed a complex interplay of geopolitical interests, ideological sympathies, and institutional complicity. In this post, we briefly explore the origins, key figures, and ethical implications of the Ratlines, focusing on the controversial role of the Catholic Church in enabling these escapes.
Collaboration with devils: The Catholic Church and totalitarian regimes in the 1930s
The Catholic Church’s relationship with totalitarian regimes during the 20th century reveals a complex interplay of pragmatism, institutional survival, and moral failure. Among the most controversial instances of this interaction is the Reichskonkordat, signed between the Vatican and Nazi Germany in 1933. This agreement, which lent a measure of legitimacy to Adolf Hitler’s regime, epitomizes the Church’s willingness to compromise with dictatorial powers to secure its institutional interests. However, this was not an isolated incident; the Vatican also reached similar accommodations with Benito Mussolini’s fascist regime in Italy and Francisco Franco’s Nationalist government in Spain. These alliances raise critical questions about the Church’s priorities and its complicity in enabling authoritarian rule.
Paragraph 175
For over a century, Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code represented the legal persecution of homosexual men in Germany. Originally introduced in 1871, it was not merely a statute but a symbol of systemic discrimination that endured through various political regimes, including the devastating intensification under the Nazis. Its impact continued long after World War II, with postwar Germany carrying forward its oppressive legacy until its final repeal in 1994. This article examines the history of Paragraph 175, its chilling effects on LGBTQ+ lives, and the long road to justice for its victims.
Christian ivory carvings and their comparison with Japanese netsuke: A cross-cultural analysis
Recently, I had the opportunity to visit a netsuke exhibition. The exhibition was amazing! While strolling through the exhibition, I also noticed a similarity with European Christian ivory carvings. Japanese netsuke and Christian ivory carvings both have their roots in the meticulous art of ivory carving. However, they differ considerably in purpose, symbolism and stylistic expression. Unfortunately, there was no exhibition about the latter that I could have visited at the same time or before. So I searched through my photo archives and put together some examples of European ivory carvings here.
The Ruhr Museum: A Journey through the cultural heritage of the Ruhrgebiet
During a recent visit to the Ruhr Museum in Essen, I discovered not just an outstanding modern museum, but also a gateway to the rich history of the Ruhr area, also known as the ‘Ruhrpott’. This museum visit opened my eyes to the depth and complexity of the Ruhr region’s past and present.
Exploring the Renaissance at the Bode Museum
While the Bode Museum’s medieval collection invites introspection into the raw spiritual expressions of the Gothic era, its Renaissance collection beckons with a different allure. Here are some impressions I collected during my latest visit.
The Bode Museum: A new lens on medieval art
At the heart of Berlin’s Museum Island, the Bode Museum offers a unique opportunity to engage with Christian art. The museum’s collection of medieval art, in particular, provides an intriguing opportunity to explore these artifacts outside of their traditional religious context.
East and West: Finding common grounds in distinct artistic traditions
I recently visited the Museum of East Asian Art and the Museum Schnütgen for European Medieval Art, both in Cologne. Having explored these museums in quick succession, I was struck by both the contrasts and surprising parallels in the artistic expressions of East and West.
#Church History
The cynicism of Christian tree worship: A reflection on Christmas trees and the destruction of pagan cult objects
The Christmas tree, a beloved emblem of the Christian holiday season, has become a symbol of festivity, community, and faith. However, the tradition of the Christmas tree is fraught with historical irony. This seemingly innocuous practice, now integral to Christian celebrations, stands in stark contrast to the violent missionary campaigns of early Christianity, during which sacred trees and other pagan cult objects were systematically destroyed. In this post, we briefly explore the paradoxical history of the Christmas tree.
Nicholas of Myra: A bishop who inspired a worldwide tradition
It’s December, and the festive season is upon us! In Europe and in many parts of the world, the figure of Saint Nicholas is a central part of the holiday traditions. In Germany, his feast day is December 6th, when children leave their shoes out to be filled with small gifts, nuts, and sweets. In some regions, he arrives in person, dressed as a bishop, accompanied by helpers like the stern Krampus or the friendly Knecht Ruprecht, who judge the behavior of children over the past year. This cherished custom is just one expression of the legacy of Nicholas of Myra, whose life and legends form the basis for countless traditions across the Christian world and beyond. But who was Nicholas of Myra, and why has he become such a central figure of generosity and devotion? In this post, we explore the life of this 4th-century bishop, the miracles and legends associated with him, and trace how his story evolved into modern traditions, including the beloved figure of Santa Claus – a modern blend of different Saint Nicholas traditions.
Martin of Tours: A rare example of lived Christian values in the history of the Church
If you live in Germany or other parts of Europe, you might have witnessed a peculiar sight on the evening of November 11th: children parading through the streets with glowing lanterns, singing cheerful songs, and following a rider on a horse dressed as a Roman soldier. Despite the November chill, the atmosphere was warm and festive, and perhaps you even spotted the traditional Weckmann – a sweet bread figure often enjoyed on this day. This scene is part of Martinstag (or just St. Martin; English: Saint Martin’s Day), a cherished tradition in Germany and beyond. But have you ever wondered who is being celebrated? The man behind these customs is Martin of Tours, a Roman soldier turned Christian bishop, whose life of humility and compassion inspired centuries of reverence. In this post, we briefly explore Martin’s story, the miracles and legends attributed to him, and how his legacy shaped the traditions we know today.
Rood screens and the medieval clerical-laity divide
In a recently broadcast documentary on ARTE, I learned about an architectural element in medieval Christian churches that is rarely seen today: the rood screen. This element, which visually and physically separated the clerical space of the choir (the area around the altar) from the nave occupied by lay worshippers, caught my interest and led me to do further research into the social and theological aspects that prevailed in medieval churches. I discovered that medieval Christianity was very different from what is practiced today. Instead of a participatory approach, in which all believers actively participate in worship, there was a clear separation between clergy and laity. Rather, medieval Christianity was hierarchical and exclusive in character, with the relationship between clergy and laity characterized by distance and dependence. Here is a brief summary of what I have been able to find out so far.
Reassessing Pius XII: New insights into the Catholic Church's role during the Holocaust and the Ratlines
Pope Pius XII’s pontificate during World War II remains one of the most debated periods in the history of the Catholic Church. While his defenders argue that his actions were guided by a commitment to neutrality and the protection of Catholics, critics contend that his decisions reflected moral compromises that undermined the Church’s credibility. New insights, such as those presented in the ARTE documentary The Pope and the Holocaust, shed additional light on Pope Pius XII’s role during this tumultuous period. These revelations warrant a reassessment of his actions, especially concerning the Holocaust and the post-war Ratlines.
Schloss Brühl: A symbol of clerical excess and power
Schloss Augustusburg (Augustusburg Palace) in Brühl, near Cologne, is one of Germany’s most notable examples of Rococo architecture and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its history is intricately linked to the powerful Electors and Archbishops of Cologne, particularly Clemens August of Bavaria, who commissioned its construction in the early 18th century. Born into a family of immense wealth and influence, Clemens August was not only a high-ranking member of the Catholic Church but also a ruler with vast temporal power. His reign was marked by extravagant displays of wealth, both in his personal lifestyle and in the construction of grand architectural projects like Schloss Augustusburg.
The Battle of Worringen: A clash of power, politics, and the church in medieval Cologne
The Battle of Worringen (Schlacht von Worringen), fought on June 5, 1288, was one of the largest and most significant battles of the medieval period in the Holy Roman Empire. It involved several important players: the Archbishop of Cologne, the Duke of Brabant, and various other nobles and city forces. The conflict centered on territorial disputes, power dynamics within the empire, and the growing desire for independence by urban centers such as Cologne. The story of the Battle of Worringen symptomatically demonstrates the hubris and arrogance of a church that became entangled in worldly power play and militarism, disregarding the teachings of its proclaimed founder, Jesus. The Archbishop of Cologne, Siegfried von Westerburg, who acted as both a spiritual and secular prince, embodies this discrepancy between ecclesiastical authority and political ambition. His involvement in the battle illustrates how church leaders of the time were often involved in worldly power struggles instead of concentrating on their (self-assigned) spiritual leadership roles.
Cologne, the 'Hillige Stadt'
Cologne’s historical role as a religious hub in central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire is epitomized by its twelve Romanesque churches, each a witnessing the city’s spiritual, architectural, and cultural legacy over the centuries. Situated north of the Alps, Cologne emerged as a key center of Christianity, home to a network of churches that fostered a spiritual life for its medieval inhabitants and served as significant pilgrimage sites. The city’s status as the ‘Hillige Stadt’ or ‘Holy City’ was not merely due to the grandeur of its churches but also tied to its vast collection of sacred relics, which placed it on par with other major pilgrimage centers like Rome and Jerusalem. This profound religious influence continues to shape Cologne’s identity today, albeit in ways that transcend the strictly Catholic framework of the past.
Baroque splendor as a tool of the Counter-Reformation: St. Mariä Himmelfahrt in Cologne
Located near the Cologne Cathedral, the Catholic parish church of St. Mariä Himmelfahrt stands as one of Cologne’s largest churches, second only to the Cathedral itself. Built during the early 17th century, it remains one of the few surviving Baroque architectural monuments in the city. Despite the city’s Gothic-dominated skyline, this Jesuit-designed church offers a remarkable insight into the Baroque era’s religious and architectural innovations – and it illustrates the Catholic Church’s efforts to reaffirm its power through monumental and elaborate religious structures. In this post, we briefly to explore the history, architecture, and artistic elements of this church, highlighting its significance in Cologne’s religious and cultural landscape.
Cologne's history through a magnifying glass: The city museum
After a long time of closure, the Cologne City Museum reopened its doors in March 2024. The museum, which is now temporarily housed in the former Franz Sauer fashion house, has a large collection of around 350,000 objects spanning from the Middle Ages to the present day. The exhibits cover a wide range of topics, including paintings, graphics, militaria, coins, textiles, furniture, and everyday objects. The museum’s current concept focuses on showcasing a small selection of objects that are presented in an emotional context, offering a unique perspective on societal and historical issues. In my opinion, in this way the museum actually serves as a lens through which visitors can explore the history of 2000-year-old Cologne.
From Roman temple to Christian sanctuary: The historical evolution of St. Maria im Kapitol in Cologne
Standing proudly amidst the historic cityscape of Cologne, St. Maria im Kapitol is more than just a place of worship. It’s a witness to the layers of history that have shaped the city over centuries. At its core lies a rich narrative that traces back to ancient Roman times, where a temple once dedicated to the Capitoline Triad stood. The history of this temple exemplifies how ancient buildings were not simply erased but repurposed and altered over time. It illustrates that the ancient world did not vanish overnight. Instead, it was transformed and integrated into the medieval and modern eras, challenging the image of sharp epochal changes and highlighting a continuous development of cultural and architectural heritage.
Faith and commerce: The medieval relic trade in Cologne
During my last visit to the Schnütgen Museum, I noticed a series of elaborate reliquary busts. These intricately crafted artifacts were shaped like the upper bodies of figures meant to represent saints, kings, and queens. Each bust had an opening to enclose and hold the corresponding relic. Their skillful artistry was immediately striking. Intrigued by this encounter, I began to do some research, uncovering a fascinating yet ironic chapter in the history of Cologne.
The Ratlines: Post-war escape networks for Nazis and fascists – with the complicity of the Catholic Church
The Ratlines were clandestine escape routes established after World War II to facilitate the flight of high-ranking Nazi officials, collaborators, and other war criminals from Europe. These networks allowed some of history’s most notorious figures, responsible for orchestrating the Holocaust and other atrocities, to evade justice. Operating in the shadowy aftermath of the war, the Ratlines exposed a complex interplay of geopolitical interests, ideological sympathies, and institutional complicity. In this post, we briefly explore the origins, key figures, and ethical implications of the Ratlines, focusing on the controversial role of the Catholic Church in enabling these escapes.
Collaboration with devils: The Catholic Church and totalitarian regimes in the 1930s
The Catholic Church’s relationship with totalitarian regimes during the 20th century reveals a complex interplay of pragmatism, institutional survival, and moral failure. Among the most controversial instances of this interaction is the Reichskonkordat, signed between the Vatican and Nazi Germany in 1933. This agreement, which lent a measure of legitimacy to Adolf Hitler’s regime, epitomizes the Church’s willingness to compromise with dictatorial powers to secure its institutional interests. However, this was not an isolated incident; the Vatican also reached similar accommodations with Benito Mussolini’s fascist regime in Italy and Francisco Franco’s Nationalist government in Spain. These alliances raise critical questions about the Church’s priorities and its complicity in enabling authoritarian rule.
Paragraph 175
For over a century, Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code represented the legal persecution of homosexual men in Germany. Originally introduced in 1871, it was not merely a statute but a symbol of systemic discrimination that endured through various political regimes, including the devastating intensification under the Nazis. Its impact continued long after World War II, with postwar Germany carrying forward its oppressive legacy until its final repeal in 1994. This article examines the history of Paragraph 175, its chilling effects on LGBTQ+ lives, and the long road to justice for its victims.
Acts of resistance in Cologne against the Nazi regime
The Nazi regime sought to establish absolute control over Germany, enforcing its ideology through propaganda, legislation, and violence. Despite the immense risks, individuals and groups across the country resisted, determined to oppose oppression and fight for a more just society. Cologne, a historic city with a strong sense of community, became a focal point for numerous resistance efforts. This article explores some of the diverse acts of defiance in Cologne, where individuals from various backgrounds and beliefs stood against the Third Reich, often at great personal cost. Much of this information is based on sources provided by the NS Documentation Center, El-De Haus in Cologne, which I visited recently.
#Cologne
Kolumba Museum: Peter Zumthor's vision of light, space, and history
The Kolumba Museum in Cologne stands as a unique fusion of history, art, and architecture, offering visitors an extraordinary sensory experience. Designed by the renowned Swiss architect Peter Zumthor and completed in 2007, the museum is a striking example of how contemporary architecture can harmoniously blend with the past. Situated on the site of the former St. Kolumba church, which was heavily damaged during World War II, the museum masterfully incorporates the medieval ruins, the post-war chapel Madonna in den Trümmern, and modern spaces into a cohesive and contemplative whole. This architectural gem creates a dialogue between light, shadow, space, and the centuries of art and history housed within its walls.
Schloss Brühl: A symbol of clerical excess and power
Schloss Augustusburg (Augustusburg Palace) in Brühl, near Cologne, is one of Germany’s most notable examples of Rococo architecture and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its history is intricately linked to the powerful Electors and Archbishops of Cologne, particularly Clemens August of Bavaria, who commissioned its construction in the early 18th century. Born into a family of immense wealth and influence, Clemens August was not only a high-ranking member of the Catholic Church but also a ruler with vast temporal power. His reign was marked by extravagant displays of wealth, both in his personal lifestyle and in the construction of grand architectural projects like Schloss Augustusburg.
The Battle of Worringen: A clash of power, politics, and the church in medieval Cologne
The Battle of Worringen (Schlacht von Worringen), fought on June 5, 1288, was one of the largest and most significant battles of the medieval period in the Holy Roman Empire. It involved several important players: the Archbishop of Cologne, the Duke of Brabant, and various other nobles and city forces. The conflict centered on territorial disputes, power dynamics within the empire, and the growing desire for independence by urban centers such as Cologne. The story of the Battle of Worringen symptomatically demonstrates the hubris and arrogance of a church that became entangled in worldly power play and militarism, disregarding the teachings of its proclaimed founder, Jesus. The Archbishop of Cologne, Siegfried von Westerburg, who acted as both a spiritual and secular prince, embodies this discrepancy between ecclesiastical authority and political ambition. His involvement in the battle illustrates how church leaders of the time were often involved in worldly power struggles instead of concentrating on their (self-assigned) spiritual leadership roles.
Cologne's Historical City Hall
The Historical City Hall (Historisches Rathaus) in Cologne stands as one of the city’s most iconic monuments, reflecting its rich political and economic history. The current city hall complex is a blend of various architectural styles from different periods, illustrating Cologne’s transformation over centuries, from a prominent medieval trading hub in the Hanseatic League to a powerful free city of the Holy Roman Empire. Some weeks ago, I was lucky to visit the city hall during the Day of the Open Monument in 2024. Here are some few impressions and a brief overview of the history of the city hall.
Cologne, the 'Hillige Stadt'
Cologne’s historical role as a religious hub in central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire is epitomized by its twelve Romanesque churches, each a witnessing the city’s spiritual, architectural, and cultural legacy over the centuries. Situated north of the Alps, Cologne emerged as a key center of Christianity, home to a network of churches that fostered a spiritual life for its medieval inhabitants and served as significant pilgrimage sites. The city’s status as the ‘Hillige Stadt’ or ‘Holy City’ was not merely due to the grandeur of its churches but also tied to its vast collection of sacred relics, which placed it on par with other major pilgrimage centers like Rome and Jerusalem. This profound religious influence continues to shape Cologne’s identity today, albeit in ways that transcend the strictly Catholic framework of the past.
Rediscovering Cologne's early Christian baptistery
The rediscovery of Cologne’s early Christian baptistery in 1866 unearthed one of the oldest and most significant Christian relics north of the Alps. This ancient site, located near the Cologne Cathedral, dates back to the 6th century and played a crucial role in the city’s early Christian community. The octagonal baptismal basin (Piscina), central to the baptistery’s design, offers a rare glimpse into the architectural and liturgical practices of early Christianity in the Rhineland. Today, the site has been preserved and sensitively modernized, showcasing both the spiritual and historical significance of early Christian architecture. Fortunately, I was lucky to visit the site during the Day of the Open Monument in 2024. Here are some impressions together with a brief overview of the history of the baptistery, from what I have been able to find out so far.
St. Kolumba in Cologne: A beacon against the war and a symbol of resilience and resurrection
St. Kolumba, one of Cologne’s historic churches, is a symbol of both the city’s rich medieval heritage and its capacity to rise from the ashes of destruction. The church was among the many historical sites severely damaged during World War II. Today, while much of the original structure no longer stands, the legacy of St. Kolumba endures, most notably through the poignant Madonna in den Trümmern (Madonna of the Ruins) and the modern Kolumba Museum that integrates its ruins. Here we focus on the history of St. Kolumba, from its founding to its destruction and transformation. In a later article, we will explore the 2007 opened Kolumba Museum.
St. Maria in Lyskirchen: A treasure of medieval frescoes in Cologne
St. Maria in Lyskirchen is the smallest of Cologne’s twelve Romanesque churches but holds great historical and artistic significance. It is situated in the southern part of the city’s Altstadt district, right at the Rhine river bank. Built between 1198 and 1225, the church’s structure is that of a three-aisled basilica, closely modeled after St. Kunibert, one of Cologne’s larger Romanesque churches. What distinguishes St. Maria in Lyskirchen from the other Romanesque churches is the well-preserved medieval frescoes from the 13th century and the reverence of the Schiffermadonna (Sailor’s Madonna). The name ‘Lyskirchen’ likely originates from a nobleman named Lysolvus or Lisolfus, who founded the original church as a private chapel. Today, both the church and its adjacent buildings, including the sacristy and sexton’s house, are listed as protected monuments. In October 2024, I was able to visit the church. Here is a summary of my impressions and what I could find out about its historical background so far.
St. Kunibert: A symbol of Romanesque grandeur
St. Kunibert is one of the twelve Romanesque basilicas in Cologne, located near the Rhine in the northern part of the city’s old town. Named after Kunibert, the 7th-century bishop of Cologne, this church is an iconic example of the city’s religious heritage, representing centuries of architectural, cultural, and spiritual significance. Apart from that, the church holds numerous religious artifacts and relics, which are of historical and religious significance. Last month, I was able to visit the church. Here is a summary of my impressions and its historical background.
St. Georg: Cologne's 'Ravenna on the Rhine'
St. Georg in Cologne is one of the city’s twelve Romanesque churches, holding historical, architectural, and religious significance. Its construction began in 1059, and it was consecrated in 1067. The church stands on the site of a Roman guard post that controlled traffic between Cologne and Bonn during Roman times. This location links St. Georg with the deep historical roots of the city, from its Roman past through to its development during the Middle Ages. In October this year I had the chance to visit the church and learn more about its history and architectural features. Here is a summary of what I’ve learned so far.
Baroque splendor as a tool of the Counter-Reformation: St. Mariä Himmelfahrt in Cologne
Located near the Cologne Cathedral, the Catholic parish church of St. Mariä Himmelfahrt stands as one of Cologne’s largest churches, second only to the Cathedral itself. Built during the early 17th century, it remains one of the few surviving Baroque architectural monuments in the city. Despite the city’s Gothic-dominated skyline, this Jesuit-designed church offers a remarkable insight into the Baroque era’s religious and architectural innovations – and it illustrates the Catholic Church’s efforts to reaffirm its power through monumental and elaborate religious structures. In this post, we briefly to explore the history, architecture, and artistic elements of this church, highlighting its significance in Cologne’s religious and cultural landscape.
Trinitatiskirche: Historical Protestant church in the heart of Catholic Cologne
The Trinitatiskirche, located in the southern part of Cologne’s Old Town near the Heumarkt, is the oldest Protestant church built on the left bank of the Rhine in Cologne. As a significant landmark for the city’s Protestant community, it represents both religious history and modern cultural engagement. Today, the church serves not only as a venue for special religious services but also as a space for concerts, events, and art exhibitions. Additionally, it is a regular place of worship for the city’s deaf evangelical community. Earlier this year, I had the chance to visit the church. In this post, I’d like to summarize its historical background as far as I could find out.
Antoniterkirche in Cologne: Transformation of a medieval church throughout history
The Antoniterkirche is one of the key Protestant churches in Cologne, standing out as a unique Gothic structure amidst the city’s predominantly Catholic heritage. Located on Schildergasse, a bustling shopping street, the Antoniterkirche provides a quiet retreat for visitors, combining historical architecture with modern spiritual significance. Originally built by the Catholic Antonite Order in the 14th century, the church has undergone several transformations, most notably during the Reformation and the aftermath of World War II, reflecting Cologne’s dynamic religious and cultural history.
Basilica of the Holy Apostles in Cologne
St. Aposteln is one of Cologne’s twelve major Romanesque churches, embodying the city’s rich medieval heritage and religious devotion. Located at Neumarkt, one of Cologne’s busiest squares, the church stands as an architectural and spiritual landmark. Known for its distinctive Three-Apsed Choir (Trikonchos) and Romanesque westwork, St. Aposteln has played a central role in both liturgical and civic life throughout its long history. Despite suffering severe damage during World War II, the church has been meticulously restored and continues to serve as an active parish. Today, St. Aposteln symbolizes both Cologne’s long backtracking history and its ongoing commitment to preserving its legacy in a modern urban setting.
Groß St. Martin: How a Romanesque church reflects a city's history
Groß St. Martin is one of the most iconic Romanesque churches in Cologne, alongside the world-famous Cologne Cathedral. Its towering presence over the city’s skyline has been a landmark for centuries, signifying not only its architectural grandeur but also its deep religious and historical significance. The church’s story spans from antiquity through the medieval era and into modern times, with transformations that reflect broader trends in the religious and civic history of Cologne. Today, Groß St. Martin serves as a place of worship under the care of the Fraternité de Jérusalem (Communities of Jerusalem), continuing a tradition of spiritual dedication in the heart of the city.
Nihon Hidankyō receives the Nobel Peace Prize: A recognition for anti-nuclear activism worldwide
The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Nihon Hidankyō, a Japanese organization founded by survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Nihon Hidankyō, also known as the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations, has been at the forefront of nuclear disarmament advocacy for decades. Their tireless efforts in bringing the personal stories of atomic bomb survivors, or hibakusha, to the global stage have played a vital role in educating the world about the horrors of nuclear warfare and the pressing need for complete nuclear disarmament.
Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the floating world
Ukiyo-e (浮世絵) is a genre of Japanese art that flourished from the 17th to the 19th century. The term ‘ukiyo-e’ translates to ‘pictures of the floating world’, capturing scenes of urban life, landscapes, and folklore. This art form is renowned for its woodblock prints and paintings, which have significantly influenced the Japanese art scene as well as global art movements, particularly Impressionism. In this post, I’d like to share some of my favorite ukiyo-e prints, as well as a brief overview of the art form’s history and cultural significance.
Byōbu – The art of Japanese folding screens
The tradition of kakemono and emakimono is closely related to other forms of Japanese narrative art, such as byōbu (屏風) and fusuma (襖). Byōbu are folding screens that feature painted scenes, often with narrative elements, while fusuma are sliding doors that can be decorated with paintings or calligraphy. Together, these art forms create a rich visual narrative expression in Japanese culture, reflecting the interconnectedness of art, literature, and daily life. Here are some shots of the most remarkable examples of byōbu that I was able to collect during my recent visits to various museums and exhibitions.
Emakimono: The art of Japanese handscrolls
Emakimono, or Japanese handscrolls, are a captivating form of narrative art that emerged during the Heian period (794-1185 AD). These exquisite scrolls combine text and pictures to tell stories, document courtly life, or illustrate poetic themes. The format allows for sequential viewing, where the story unfolds as the scroll is gradually unrolled from right to left, offering a unique and intimate artistic experience. In this post, we explore the history, techniques, and cultural significance of emakimono in Japanese art and literature.
Kakemono: The art of Japanese hanging scrolls
Kakemono, or Japanese hanging scrolls, are a prominent feature in the traditional Japanese art landscape. These scrolls are designed to be displayed vertically and are often used to adorn the alcoves of Japanese homes, particularly in settings like the tea ceremony. The art of kakemono centers around the aesthetics of simplicity and seasonal change, making it a dynamic element of Japanese decor. In this post, we briefly explore the history and significance of kakemono in Japanese art and culture.
Exploring Buddhist and East Asian art in Cologne
Cologne, a city rich in Christian history and culture, also offers a unique opportunity for enthusiasts of Buddhist and East Asian art. The city is home to two remarkable institutions: the Museum of East Asian Art and the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum. Here some of my favorite pieces from both museums.
Cologne's history through a magnifying glass: The city museum
After a long time of closure, the Cologne City Museum reopened its doors in March 2024. The museum, which is now temporarily housed in the former Franz Sauer fashion house, has a large collection of around 350,000 objects spanning from the Middle Ages to the present day. The exhibits cover a wide range of topics, including paintings, graphics, militaria, coins, textiles, furniture, and everyday objects. The museum’s current concept focuses on showcasing a small selection of objects that are presented in an emotional context, offering a unique perspective on societal and historical issues. In my opinion, in this way the museum actually serves as a lens through which visitors can explore the history of 2000-year-old Cologne.
From Roman temple to Christian sanctuary: The historical evolution of St. Maria im Kapitol in Cologne
Standing proudly amidst the historic cityscape of Cologne, St. Maria im Kapitol is more than just a place of worship. It’s a witness to the layers of history that have shaped the city over centuries. At its core lies a rich narrative that traces back to ancient Roman times, where a temple once dedicated to the Capitoline Triad stood. The history of this temple exemplifies how ancient buildings were not simply erased but repurposed and altered over time. It illustrates that the ancient world did not vanish overnight. Instead, it was transformed and integrated into the medieval and modern eras, challenging the image of sharp epochal changes and highlighting a continuous development of cultural and architectural heritage.
Cologne's pottery heritage
Besides its glass production, Cologne also had a relevant ceramic production. During the reign of Augustus, from 27 BC to 14 AD, Cologne began to emerge as a notable center for pottery production. This period marked the initial steps of the city in establishing its reputation in the craft of ceramics
Roman legacy of glass art in Cologne
Cologne not only has a rich Roman heritage, but also a (perhaps) lesser-known history of glassmaking. Archaeological finds in the city have revealed a rich heritage of glass art, encompassing everything from drinking vessels to jewelry and decorative objects. And the Roman-Germanic Museum houses a significant collection of these artifacts. Here are some of my favorite pieces that I have photographed during my visit.
Roman legacy in Cologne
I recently visited the Roman-Germanic Museum in Cologne, that exhibits archeological finds from the Roman and Germanic era in Cologne and the surrounding area. While strolling through the exhibition, I was fascinated by the acute presence of the artifacts on display and the stories behind them. Of course, I’m aware of Cologne’s Roman heritage, but every visit to the museum makes me even more aware of the Roman influence on Cologne’s culture and identity.
Chinese scholar's rocks
The Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne is currently hosting an enlightening exhibition on Chinese scholar’s rocks, also known as gōngshí. The exhibition features a wide range of rocks from renowned regions such as Yingde in Guangdong, Liuyang in Hunan, and Lake Tai in Jiangsu. The rocks are displayed alongside other objects such as writing brushes, ink stones, and porcelain vessels. It provides a fascinating insight into the history and culture of Chinese scholar’s rocks and their significance in Chinese art and literature.
From Qingdao to Cologne: 50 Masterpieces of East Asian art
The Oriental Endowment for the Promotion of East Asian Art in Cologne celebrates its 50th anniversary with a remarkable exhibition of 50 masterpieces of East Asian art. The exhibition is running at the Museum of East Asian Art and has now been extended until the end of September 2024. It’s a great opportunity to see some of the most beautiful pieces of East Asian art, covering a wide range of art forms, including ceramics, bronzes, paintings, and sculptures from China, Japan, and Korea. The pieces are drawn from the museum’s collection, which was founded by Hans-Wilhelm Siegel, a businessman, patron and collector of East Asian art.
From Gothic to Zen: Comparing medieval Western and Eastern wooden sculptures
The art of wood sculpture, prevalent in both medieval Europe and East Asia, offers a fascinating study in contrasts and similarities. While both regions developed rich traditions in wood carving, their cultural, religious, and artistic trajectories shaped distinct styles and themes. Here is a brief comparison of selected medieval European and East Asian wooden sculptures.
Silent narrators: Medieval wood sculptures
During my recent visits to churches and medieval museums, I was impressed by the remarkable craftsmanship and artistic expression of wooden sculptures. These sculptures, primarily driven by religious themes, offer a unique window into the medieval mind, its craftsmanship, and its spiritual quests. Here are some shots of my favorite wood sculptures that I captured during my last visits to the Museum Schnütgen and other places in Cologne.
The Bright Age: The vibrant colors of medieval Christian art
The term ‘Dark Ages’, often used to describe the medieval period, conjures images of a grim, colorless world, shrouded in piety and the ultimate fear of God. However, this portrayal is a far cry from the reality of medieval life, especially when it comes to art. During a recent visit to the Wallraf-Richartz Museum in Cologne, I was struck by the vibrant colors, the richness of detail and imagination, and the criticism of secular and clerical authority often inherent in medieval Christian imagery. Here are some of my favorite artworks, hopefully shedding some light on a common misconception.
Faith and commerce: The medieval relic trade in Cologne
During my last visit to the Schnütgen Museum, I noticed a series of elaborate reliquary busts. These intricately crafted artifacts were shaped like the upper bodies of figures meant to represent saints, kings, and queens. Each bust had an opening to enclose and hold the corresponding relic. Their skillful artistry was immediately striking. Intrigued by this encounter, I began to do some research, uncovering a fascinating yet ironic chapter in the history of Cologne.
Beyond the sacred: Exploring medieval art at the Schnütgen Museum
For me, a visit to the Schnütgen Museum is always both refreshing and enlightening. Situated in the heart of Cologne, the museum offers a unique blend of local and European religious art and cultural heritage, presented in a secular, yet respectful light. It enables visitors to appreciate the artworks as individual pieces of art, detached from their original religious context.
1700 years of Jewish history in Cologne
A perhaps not well perceived part of Cologne’s history is its rich Jewish heritage that dates back to the Roman era. The Cologne Jewish community is considered as one of the oldest North of the Alps and has a long and complex history, marked by periods of prosperity and persecution. The community has contributed significantly to the city’s cultural and economic development. Here is a short overview of that history.
Kölsch – Rethinking a local myth
In Cologne, one tradition distinctly captures the essence of the city more than any other: Kölsch. This clear, top-fermented beer is celebrated not just as a local specialty but as a vital part of the city’s heritage and a symbol of communal spirit. Its role in social gatherings and public life marks it as a cornerstone of Cologne’s cultural fabric. Yet, amidst its widespread acclaim, it’s crucial to remember that Kölsch is an alcoholic beverage. This fact prompts a necessary reevaluation of its place within Cologne’s culture and invites us to ponder the real foundations of a social community. It’s time to consider the implications of glorifying an alcoholic tradition and to explore what truly makes a community thrive.
The Richmodis legend – A Cologne tale
High above the Neumarkt in Cologne, two horse heads protrude from the side of a tower, sparking curiosity and wonder among both locals and visitors. These sculptures are not mere decorations but symbols of one of Cologne’s most intriguing legends—the tale of Richmodis. Here is a summary of some facts that I could gather about this local legend.
Jan von Werth: A Cologne love story
The rich folklore of Cologne holds another captivating tale: The legend of Jan von Werth and Griet. A story that combines romance, valor, and enduring spirit. The legend tells the tale of a simple soldier who rose to prominence through his bravery, only to find his heart captured by the love of a woman who initially spurned him. With it’s tragic-pointed end, the story could be considered as Cologne’s own Romeo and Juliet, even though being less famous than the Shakespearean tragedy.
Tünnes and Schäl: Two Cologne icons
In Cologne, few characters are as beloved and emblematic as Tünnes and Schäl. These two figures represent the quintessential ‘Kölsch’ spirit (Cologne’s local dialect and culture), combining humor, wit, and a touch of wisdom.
The Heinzelmännchen: Secret shadow workers of Cologne
Here is another snippet from the long list of Cologne legends: The Heinzelmännchen. The Heinzelmännchen are a legendary group of house gnomes or elves who, according to the legend, performed domestic chores and crafts in the city of Cologne during the night, leaving the inhabitants to wake up to a clean and orderly city.
Nubbelverbrennung – Another Cologne Carnival tradition
After exploring the Roman origins of the Cologne Carnival and the ‘Geisterzug’, I realized I had nearly overlooked another pivotal local tradition: The ‘Nubbelverbrennung’. The ‘Nubbel’ is a straw puppet that is hung up and burned down at the corner of a street or a pub on the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday. It serves as a symbolic purification of the sins and mischiefs that have happened during the carnival.
Origins of Cologne's coat of arms
Did you ever wonder about the coat of arms of Cologne and why it is the way it is? I just did some research and found out that its history is quite interesting and also includes some funny twists.
Halve Hahn: A special dish in Cologne
If you’re currently out enjoying the Cologne carnival, you might encounter a local specialty that can cause some confusion: The ‘Halve Hahn’. Don’t be misled – this dish isn’t poultry.
Geisterzug: The alternative Carnival in Cologne
After exploring the Roman origins of the Cologne Carnival, we will now take a look at the alternative carnival event in Cologne called ‘Geisterzug’ (lit. ‘Ghost Parade’). It is actually a more recent addition to the Cologne Carnival tradition, starting in 1991, and can be seen as a protest against the commercialization of the today’s Cologne Carnival.
Roman origins of the Cologne Carnival
As the clock strikes 11:11 AM tomorrow, the so-called ‘Fifth Season’ begins in Cologne. The city is overrun with revelers, and the streets are bustling with people. The citizens of Cologne celebrate with unrestrained joy and, notably, a fair amount of alcohol. But where does Carnival actually come from? What are its origins, and how has it evolved over time? This post takes you on a brief journey through the history of the Cologne Carnival to shed light on the cultural background of the festival, which tends to be forgotten in today’s thoroughly commercialized carnival.
A Zen-Buddhist interpretation of the 'Kölsches Grundgesetz'
Zen op Kölsch – I recently discovered a small booklet by Michael Wittschier, who interpreted the so-called ‘Kölsches Grundgesetz’ in a Taoist way. Taoism is a philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Dào, a term that can be translated as ‘the way’, ‘the path’, or ‘the way of nature’. Wittschier’s interpretation is a very interesting read and I couldn’t resist to buy the booklet. However, I also thought that it would by an interesting experiment to interpret the ‘Kölsches Grundgesetz’ in a Zen-Buddhist way. So, here we go.
Stumbling upon history: The Stolpersteine project and its role in remembering Nazi victims
In European and particularly German cities, you may encounter brass plaques, known as ‘Stolpersteine’ or ‘stumbling stones’, embedded in pavements in front of buildings. Inscribed with names and dates, these plaques memorialize victims of the Nazi regime at their last known addresses, serving as a poignant reminder of the individual lives lost during this dark period in Germany and our collective history and responsibility.
Consequences of the war for the people of Cologne
The devastation of World War II left a profound impact on the people of Cologne, reshaping the city and its community in ways that would be felt for generations. As one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany, Cologne endured near-total destruction of its infrastructure, economy, and cultural landmarks. Beyond the physical devastation, the war brought profound social, economic, and psychological consequences for the city’s inhabitants, challenging their resilience as they worked to rebuild their lives and community.
Acts of resistance in Cologne against the Nazi regime
The Nazi regime sought to establish absolute control over Germany, enforcing its ideology through propaganda, legislation, and violence. Despite the immense risks, individuals and groups across the country resisted, determined to oppose oppression and fight for a more just society. Cologne, a historic city with a strong sense of community, became a focal point for numerous resistance efforts. This article explores some of the diverse acts of defiance in Cologne, where individuals from various backgrounds and beliefs stood against the Third Reich, often at great personal cost. Much of this information is based on sources provided by the NS Documentation Center, El-De Haus in Cologne, which I visited recently.
Youth resistance groups in Cologne against the Nazi regime
‘Resistance’ under the Nazi regime often evokes images of organized military operations or clandestine political movements. However, throughout Germany, and especially in cities like Cologne, resistance also took root in less expected places: among the youth. Defying the rigid conformity demanded by the Nazis, many young people in Cologne organized into resistance groups, using whatever means they had to express their opposition to a regime that demanded obedience and submission. These youth resistance groups, often informal and decentralized, expressed their defiance in ways ranging from subtle acts of nonconformity to bold public protests. In this post, I highlight some of the most prominent youth groups in Cologne that opposed the Nazis, as presented in the El-De Haus exhibition. Their stories offer insight into the courage and resilience of the young people who resisted the oppressive Nazi regime.
Persecution of homosexuals under the Nazi regime
‘Forgotten victims’ are those who were ostracized and persecuted during the Nazi era, but whose suffering continued beyond 1945. Even after the Nazi defeat, these individuals remained shunned and discriminated against, denied moral recognition as victims, official rehabilitation, and financial compensation. A special exhibition in the El-De Haus pays tribute to these victim groups and their suffering. Homosexuals were one of the groups that were persecuted. In this post, I summarize their plight as conveyed through my recent visit to the El-De Haus.
Forgotten victims of the Nazi regime: Roma and Sinti
‘Forgotten victims’ are those who were ostracized and persecuted during the Nazi era, but whose suffering continued beyond 1945. Even after the Nazi defeat, these individuals remained shunned and discriminated against, denied moral recognition as victims, official rehabilitation, and financial compensation. A special exhibition in the El-De Haus pays tribute to these victim groups and their suffering. The group of Roma and Sinti was one of these forgotten victims. In this post, I summarize their plight as conveyed through my recent visit to the El-De Haus.
Forgotten victims of the Nazi regime: Disabled individuals
‘Forgotten victims’ are those who were ostracized and persecuted during the Nazi era, but whose suffering continued beyond 1945. Even after the Nazi defeat, these individuals remained shunned and discriminated against, denied moral recognition as victims, official rehabilitation, and financial compensation. A special exhibition in the El-De Haus pays tribute to these victim groups and their suffering. Disabled individuals were among the groups that were persecuted. In this post, I summarize their plight as conveyed through my recent visit to the El-De Haus.
Forgotten Victims of the Nazi regime: 'Social Outcasts'
‘Forgotten victims’ are those who were ostracized and persecuted during the Nazi era, but whose suffering continued beyond 1945. Even after the Nazi defeat, these individuals remained shunned and discriminated against, denied moral recognition as victims, official rehabilitation, and financial compensation. A special exhibition in the El-De Haus pays tribute to these victim groups and their suffering. Among these groups were the so-called ‘asocials’ – people whom the Nazi regime saw as unfit for the ‘national community’. In this post, I summarize their plight as conveyed through my recent visit to the El-De Haus.
Fate of the Jews in Cologne under Nazi rule
The Jewish community in Cologne, integral to the city’s cultural, social, and economic landscape, suffered profound persecution under Nazi rule. This persecution unfolded through escalating legal restrictions, economic disenfranchisement, social isolation, and, ultimately, deportation and genocide. The systematic dismantling of Jewish life in Cologne exemplifies the tragic fate of Jewish communities across Europe during the Holocaust. From my recent visit to the El-De Haus in Cologne, a former Gestapo headquarters and now a documentation center, I learned more about the Jewish experience in Cologne. Here is a summary of the exhibition, coupled with my reflections on this dark chapter in Cologne’s history.
NS DOK El-De Haus: Retracing the steps of Nazi history in Cologne
I recently visited the El-De Haus in Cologne, a former center of the Gestapo and now the NS Documentation Centre of Cologne, which left a profound impression on me. The house is not like other museums; it is a storyteller of a dark chapter in Cologne’s history and a stark reminder of the horrors that totalitarian regimes can inflict. What I liked most is that the documentation center focuses on the story of victims and the resistance to the Nazi regime, giving them much more space than the perpetrators. Here is a summary of the exhibition, coupled with my personal reflections.
Christian ivory carvings and their comparison with Japanese netsuke: A cross-cultural analysis
Recently, I had the opportunity to visit a netsuke exhibition. The exhibition was amazing! While strolling through the exhibition, I also noticed a similarity with European Christian ivory carvings. Japanese netsuke and Christian ivory carvings both have their roots in the meticulous art of ivory carving. However, they differ considerably in purpose, symbolism and stylistic expression. Unfortunately, there was no exhibition about the latter that I could have visited at the same time or before. So I searched through my photo archives and put together some examples of European ivory carvings here.
Helena Parada Kim's 'Interstices' - A fusion of cultures and traditions
Helena Parada Kim’s ‘Interstices’ at the Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne masterfully blends Korean traditions with European artistry, creating a dialogue between past and present. Her unique approach to cultural fusion is exemplified in works that juxtapose traditional Korean motifs with contemporary European painting techniques, offering a fresh perspective on cultural identity and arts in general.
Netsuke – The elegance of Japanese craftsmanship
The Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne is currently hosting the exhibition ‘Kyōto’s Netsuke - Masters & Myths’ to celebrate the 60-year partnership between Cologne and Kyōto. The exhibition showcases an extraordinary selection of netsuke from the Kyōto school, each piece embodying the exceptional Japanese craftsmanship and celebrating the long-standing friendship between the two cities.
East and West: Finding common grounds in distinct artistic traditions
I recently visited the Museum of East Asian Art and the Museum Schnütgen for European Medieval Art, both in Cologne. Having explored these museums in quick succession, I was struck by both the contrasts and surprising parallels in the artistic expressions of East and West.
#Crimes Against Humanity
Archaeology of the recent past: Reflections on concentration camp remains
The study of archaeology is traditionally associated with uncovering ancient civilizations and piecing together histories from long-forgotten fragments. However, the discipline is increasingly turning its attention to the recent past, exploring material remains that connect us to more contemporary, and often harrowing, events. Concentration camps from the Holocaust, with their preserved artifacts and remains, have become a poignant focus within this emerging field. I recently visited an exhibition in Frankfurt that showcased the archaeology of concentration camp remains, shedding light on the everyday lives of those who endured unimaginable suffering. In this post, I’d like to briefly reflect on the significance of this archaeological work and its implications for memory, history, and human understanding.
The cynicism of Christian tree worship: A reflection on Christmas trees and the destruction of pagan cult objects
The Christmas tree, a beloved emblem of the Christian holiday season, has become a symbol of festivity, community, and faith. However, the tradition of the Christmas tree is fraught with historical irony. This seemingly innocuous practice, now integral to Christian celebrations, stands in stark contrast to the violent missionary campaigns of early Christianity, during which sacred trees and other pagan cult objects were systematically destroyed. In this post, we briefly explore the paradoxical history of the Christmas tree.
Reassessing Pius XII: New insights into the Catholic Church's role during the Holocaust and the Ratlines
Pope Pius XII’s pontificate during World War II remains one of the most debated periods in the history of the Catholic Church. While his defenders argue that his actions were guided by a commitment to neutrality and the protection of Catholics, critics contend that his decisions reflected moral compromises that undermined the Church’s credibility. New insights, such as those presented in the ARTE documentary The Pope and the Holocaust, shed additional light on Pope Pius XII’s role during this tumultuous period. These revelations warrant a reassessment of his actions, especially concerning the Holocaust and the post-war Ratlines.
Nihon Hidankyō receives the Nobel Peace Prize: A recognition for anti-nuclear activism worldwide
The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Nihon Hidankyō, a Japanese organization founded by survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Nihon Hidankyō, also known as the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations, has been at the forefront of nuclear disarmament advocacy for decades. Their tireless efforts in bringing the personal stories of atomic bomb survivors, or hibakusha, to the global stage have played a vital role in educating the world about the horrors of nuclear warfare and the pressing need for complete nuclear disarmament.
1700 years of Jewish history in Cologne
A perhaps not well perceived part of Cologne’s history is its rich Jewish heritage that dates back to the Roman era. The Cologne Jewish community is considered as one of the oldest North of the Alps and has a long and complex history, marked by periods of prosperity and persecution. The community has contributed significantly to the city’s cultural and economic development. Here is a short overview of that history.
The Ratlines: Post-war escape networks for Nazis and fascists – with the complicity of the Catholic Church
The Ratlines were clandestine escape routes established after World War II to facilitate the flight of high-ranking Nazi officials, collaborators, and other war criminals from Europe. These networks allowed some of history’s most notorious figures, responsible for orchestrating the Holocaust and other atrocities, to evade justice. Operating in the shadowy aftermath of the war, the Ratlines exposed a complex interplay of geopolitical interests, ideological sympathies, and institutional complicity. In this post, we briefly explore the origins, key figures, and ethical implications of the Ratlines, focusing on the controversial role of the Catholic Church in enabling these escapes.
Collaboration with devils: The Catholic Church and totalitarian regimes in the 1930s
The Catholic Church’s relationship with totalitarian regimes during the 20th century reveals a complex interplay of pragmatism, institutional survival, and moral failure. Among the most controversial instances of this interaction is the Reichskonkordat, signed between the Vatican and Nazi Germany in 1933. This agreement, which lent a measure of legitimacy to Adolf Hitler’s regime, epitomizes the Church’s willingness to compromise with dictatorial powers to secure its institutional interests. However, this was not an isolated incident; the Vatican also reached similar accommodations with Benito Mussolini’s fascist regime in Italy and Francisco Franco’s Nationalist government in Spain. These alliances raise critical questions about the Church’s priorities and its complicity in enabling authoritarian rule.
Paragraph 175
For over a century, Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code represented the legal persecution of homosexual men in Germany. Originally introduced in 1871, it was not merely a statute but a symbol of systemic discrimination that endured through various political regimes, including the devastating intensification under the Nazis. Its impact continued long after World War II, with postwar Germany carrying forward its oppressive legacy until its final repeal in 1994. This article examines the history of Paragraph 175, its chilling effects on LGBTQ+ lives, and the long road to justice for its victims.
Stumbling upon history: The Stolpersteine project and its role in remembering Nazi victims
In European and particularly German cities, you may encounter brass plaques, known as ‘Stolpersteine’ or ‘stumbling stones’, embedded in pavements in front of buildings. Inscribed with names and dates, these plaques memorialize victims of the Nazi regime at their last known addresses, serving as a poignant reminder of the individual lives lost during this dark period in Germany and our collective history and responsibility.
Consequences of the war for the people of Cologne
The devastation of World War II left a profound impact on the people of Cologne, reshaping the city and its community in ways that would be felt for generations. As one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany, Cologne endured near-total destruction of its infrastructure, economy, and cultural landmarks. Beyond the physical devastation, the war brought profound social, economic, and psychological consequences for the city’s inhabitants, challenging their resilience as they worked to rebuild their lives and community.
Acts of resistance in Cologne against the Nazi regime
The Nazi regime sought to establish absolute control over Germany, enforcing its ideology through propaganda, legislation, and violence. Despite the immense risks, individuals and groups across the country resisted, determined to oppose oppression and fight for a more just society. Cologne, a historic city with a strong sense of community, became a focal point for numerous resistance efforts. This article explores some of the diverse acts of defiance in Cologne, where individuals from various backgrounds and beliefs stood against the Third Reich, often at great personal cost. Much of this information is based on sources provided by the NS Documentation Center, El-De Haus in Cologne, which I visited recently.
Youth resistance groups in Cologne against the Nazi regime
‘Resistance’ under the Nazi regime often evokes images of organized military operations or clandestine political movements. However, throughout Germany, and especially in cities like Cologne, resistance also took root in less expected places: among the youth. Defying the rigid conformity demanded by the Nazis, many young people in Cologne organized into resistance groups, using whatever means they had to express their opposition to a regime that demanded obedience and submission. These youth resistance groups, often informal and decentralized, expressed their defiance in ways ranging from subtle acts of nonconformity to bold public protests. In this post, I highlight some of the most prominent youth groups in Cologne that opposed the Nazis, as presented in the El-De Haus exhibition. Their stories offer insight into the courage and resilience of the young people who resisted the oppressive Nazi regime.
Persecution of homosexuals under the Nazi regime
‘Forgotten victims’ are those who were ostracized and persecuted during the Nazi era, but whose suffering continued beyond 1945. Even after the Nazi defeat, these individuals remained shunned and discriminated against, denied moral recognition as victims, official rehabilitation, and financial compensation. A special exhibition in the El-De Haus pays tribute to these victim groups and their suffering. Homosexuals were one of the groups that were persecuted. In this post, I summarize their plight as conveyed through my recent visit to the El-De Haus.
Forgotten victims of the Nazi regime: Roma and Sinti
‘Forgotten victims’ are those who were ostracized and persecuted during the Nazi era, but whose suffering continued beyond 1945. Even after the Nazi defeat, these individuals remained shunned and discriminated against, denied moral recognition as victims, official rehabilitation, and financial compensation. A special exhibition in the El-De Haus pays tribute to these victim groups and their suffering. The group of Roma and Sinti was one of these forgotten victims. In this post, I summarize their plight as conveyed through my recent visit to the El-De Haus.
Forgotten victims of the Nazi regime: Disabled individuals
‘Forgotten victims’ are those who were ostracized and persecuted during the Nazi era, but whose suffering continued beyond 1945. Even after the Nazi defeat, these individuals remained shunned and discriminated against, denied moral recognition as victims, official rehabilitation, and financial compensation. A special exhibition in the El-De Haus pays tribute to these victim groups and their suffering. Disabled individuals were among the groups that were persecuted. In this post, I summarize their plight as conveyed through my recent visit to the El-De Haus.
Forgotten Victims of the Nazi regime: 'Social Outcasts'
‘Forgotten victims’ are those who were ostracized and persecuted during the Nazi era, but whose suffering continued beyond 1945. Even after the Nazi defeat, these individuals remained shunned and discriminated against, denied moral recognition as victims, official rehabilitation, and financial compensation. A special exhibition in the El-De Haus pays tribute to these victim groups and their suffering. Among these groups were the so-called ‘asocials’ – people whom the Nazi regime saw as unfit for the ‘national community’. In this post, I summarize their plight as conveyed through my recent visit to the El-De Haus.
Fate of the Jews in Cologne under Nazi rule
The Jewish community in Cologne, integral to the city’s cultural, social, and economic landscape, suffered profound persecution under Nazi rule. This persecution unfolded through escalating legal restrictions, economic disenfranchisement, social isolation, and, ultimately, deportation and genocide. The systematic dismantling of Jewish life in Cologne exemplifies the tragic fate of Jewish communities across Europe during the Holocaust. From my recent visit to the El-De Haus in Cologne, a former Gestapo headquarters and now a documentation center, I learned more about the Jewish experience in Cologne. Here is a summary of the exhibition, coupled with my reflections on this dark chapter in Cologne’s history.
#Gandharan Art
The mythological roles of 'angels' in East and West
Angels, as intermediaries between the divine and the mortal, have captured the human imagination across cultures and religions. In the Abrahamic traditions, angels are messengers, guardians, and executors of divine will, often depicted as ethereal beings imbued with spiritual power. Their origin, however, is deeply rooted in ancient Near Eastern and Hellenistic traditions, which influenced the conceptualization of angels in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Simultaneously, analogous figures in Buddhism and Asian traditions, influenced in part by Hellenistic cultural exchanges after Alexander the Great, reveal the interconnectedness of cultural and religious ideas in the ancient world.
On the Hellenistic heritage in Christian culture and Buddhist art
My recent museum visits and studies have revealed that the perceived differences between various cultures and historical periods are not as pronounced as I once believed. Contrary to the simplified narratives taught in school, the Greco-Roman heritage did not vanish after the fall of the Roman Empire but transformed and adapted into new cultural contexts. This influence extended beyond the Christian culture of the Middle Ages to include the Buddhist art of the Gandhara style. In this post, I will summarize my findings and share my thoughts on this topic.
The Kizil Caves
The Kizil Caves are a set of Buddhist rock-cut caves situated near Kizil, Xinjiang, China. Historically significant and renowned for their intricate murals, these caves offer a fascinating glimpse into the rich murals and sculptures of Buddhism in China and Central Asia. Artifacts recovered from the caves are displayed alongside fragments of the murals at the Humboldt Forum in Berlin.
Gandhara-style Buddhist sculptures
This post ties directly into my previous on The first plastic depictions of Buddha’s life: Gandhara reliefs at the Humboldt Forum, Berlin. In this post, I showcase further, quite impressive Gandhara-style Buddhist sculptures also seen at the Humboldt Museum in Berlin.
The first plastic depictions of Buddha's life: Gandhara reliefs at the Humboldt Forum, Berlin
On my visit to the Museum of Asian Art at the Humboldt Forum in Berlin, I was captivated by 15 stone reliefs depicting the Buddha’s life. Crafted in Gandhara between the 1st and 3rd century, these reliefs are among the earliest narrative representations of the Buddha. Gandhara was more than just a region; it was a melting pot of civilizations, playing an indispensable part in shaping the visual language of Buddhism.
#Greco-Roman Culture
The mythological roles of 'angels' in East and West
Angels, as intermediaries between the divine and the mortal, have captured the human imagination across cultures and religions. In the Abrahamic traditions, angels are messengers, guardians, and executors of divine will, often depicted as ethereal beings imbued with spiritual power. Their origin, however, is deeply rooted in ancient Near Eastern and Hellenistic traditions, which influenced the conceptualization of angels in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Simultaneously, analogous figures in Buddhism and Asian traditions, influenced in part by Hellenistic cultural exchanges after Alexander the Great, reveal the interconnectedness of cultural and religious ideas in the ancient world.
St. George the dragon-slayer: A comparative perspective on dragons in the East and West
The figure of St. George, often depicted as a dragon-slaying saint, occupies a central place in Christian hagiography and European folklore. Revered as a martyr, warrior, and protector, St. George symbolizes the triumph of good over evil and has been embraced as a patron saint by numerous cultures and nations. His legend, especially the iconic tale of slaying a dragon, resonates deeply within Western traditions. However, the symbolism of dragons in the East, particularly in Asia, provides a striking contrast, offering a lens through which to explore cultural divergences in the interpretation of mythical creatures.
Anno Domini: Tracing the history of the Christian calendar
The dating system widely used today, referred to as the ‘Anno Domini’ (AD) system, marks time based on the birth of Jesus Christ. However, historical and astronomical evidence suggests that Jesus was likely born several years before the start of Year 1 AD. This discrepancy arises from miscalculations by medieval scholars and sheds light on the challenges of reconstructing historical timelines. Additionally, a fringe theory posits that a significant portion of the Middle Ages was fabricated, casting further intrigue into the construction of historical timekeeping.
25th of December: The origins of Christmas and its potential connections to pagan festivals
The date of December 25th, celebrated worldwide as Christmas, is traditionally recognized as the birthday of Jesus Christ. However, historical research suggests that this date was not chosen based on evidence of Jesus’ actual birthdate. Instead, it aligns with significant pre-Christian festivals, particularly those associated with the Roman sun god Sol Invictus and possibly the cult of Mithras. This intentional overlap reflects the early Church’s efforts to integrate Christian celebrations into the cultural and religious world of the Roman Empire, raising critical questions about the impact of this syncretism on the authenticity of Christian identity and practice
On the Hellenistic heritage in Christian culture and Buddhist art
My recent museum visits and studies have revealed that the perceived differences between various cultures and historical periods are not as pronounced as I once believed. Contrary to the simplified narratives taught in school, the Greco-Roman heritage did not vanish after the fall of the Roman Empire but transformed and adapted into new cultural contexts. This influence extended beyond the Christian culture of the Middle Ages to include the Buddhist art of the Gandhara style. In this post, I will summarize my findings and share my thoughts on this topic.
Lares and the evolution of household deities in Europe
During my visit to the Roman-Germanic Museum in Cologne, I stumbled upon intriguing small deity figures, which piqued my curiosity. Upon further research, I discovered they were representations of Roman Lares, ancient household deities. This discovery led me to draw some parallels with later religious practices, including those found in Eastern traditions.
Cologne's history through a magnifying glass: The city museum
After a long time of closure, the Cologne City Museum reopened its doors in March 2024. The museum, which is now temporarily housed in the former Franz Sauer fashion house, has a large collection of around 350,000 objects spanning from the Middle Ages to the present day. The exhibits cover a wide range of topics, including paintings, graphics, militaria, coins, textiles, furniture, and everyday objects. The museum’s current concept focuses on showcasing a small selection of objects that are presented in an emotional context, offering a unique perspective on societal and historical issues. In my opinion, in this way the museum actually serves as a lens through which visitors can explore the history of 2000-year-old Cologne.
From Roman temple to Christian sanctuary: The historical evolution of St. Maria im Kapitol in Cologne
Standing proudly amidst the historic cityscape of Cologne, St. Maria im Kapitol is more than just a place of worship. It’s a witness to the layers of history that have shaped the city over centuries. At its core lies a rich narrative that traces back to ancient Roman times, where a temple once dedicated to the Capitoline Triad stood. The history of this temple exemplifies how ancient buildings were not simply erased but repurposed and altered over time. It illustrates that the ancient world did not vanish overnight. Instead, it was transformed and integrated into the medieval and modern eras, challenging the image of sharp epochal changes and highlighting a continuous development of cultural and architectural heritage.
Cologne's pottery heritage
Besides its glass production, Cologne also had a relevant ceramic production. During the reign of Augustus, from 27 BC to 14 AD, Cologne began to emerge as a notable center for pottery production. This period marked the initial steps of the city in establishing its reputation in the craft of ceramics
Roman legacy of glass art in Cologne
Cologne not only has a rich Roman heritage, but also a (perhaps) lesser-known history of glassmaking. Archaeological finds in the city have revealed a rich heritage of glass art, encompassing everything from drinking vessels to jewelry and decorative objects. And the Roman-Germanic Museum houses a significant collection of these artifacts. Here are some of my favorite pieces that I have photographed during my visit.
Roman legacy in Cologne
I recently visited the Roman-Germanic Museum in Cologne, that exhibits archeological finds from the Roman and Germanic era in Cologne and the surrounding area. While strolling through the exhibition, I was fascinated by the acute presence of the artifacts on display and the stories behind them. Of course, I’m aware of Cologne’s Roman heritage, but every visit to the museum makes me even more aware of the Roman influence on Cologne’s culture and identity.
The Ruhr Museum: A Journey through the cultural heritage of the Ruhrgebiet
During a recent visit to the Ruhr Museum in Essen, I discovered not just an outstanding modern museum, but also a gateway to the rich history of the Ruhr area, also known as the ‘Ruhrpott’. This museum visit opened my eyes to the depth and complexity of the Ruhr region’s past and present.
The Bode Museum: A new lens on medieval art
At the heart of Berlin’s Museum Island, the Bode Museum offers a unique opportunity to engage with Christian art. The museum’s collection of medieval art, in particular, provides an intriguing opportunity to explore these artifacts outside of their traditional religious context.
#History as a Science
Archaeology of the recent past: Reflections on concentration camp remains
The study of archaeology is traditionally associated with uncovering ancient civilizations and piecing together histories from long-forgotten fragments. However, the discipline is increasingly turning its attention to the recent past, exploring material remains that connect us to more contemporary, and often harrowing, events. Concentration camps from the Holocaust, with their preserved artifacts and remains, have become a poignant focus within this emerging field. I recently visited an exhibition in Frankfurt that showcased the archaeology of concentration camp remains, shedding light on the everyday lives of those who endured unimaginable suffering. In this post, I’d like to briefly reflect on the significance of this archaeological work and its implications for memory, history, and human understanding.
Discovering local history: A visit to the Niederbergisches Museum in Wülfrath
A few weeks ago, I had the opportunity to visit the Niederbergisches Museum in Wülfrath, a local history museum in a small town near my hometown. The museum is dedicated to the history of the region and its people. While I was still living in my home town, I actually didn’t know about the existence of this little museum, that is just around the corner. So I was surprised to learn of its existence, and I was happy to have the opportunity to visit it. Here is a short report on the museum along with some photos I took during my visit.
#Indian Culture
The mythological roles of 'angels' in East and West
Angels, as intermediaries between the divine and the mortal, have captured the human imagination across cultures and religions. In the Abrahamic traditions, angels are messengers, guardians, and executors of divine will, often depicted as ethereal beings imbued with spiritual power. Their origin, however, is deeply rooted in ancient Near Eastern and Hellenistic traditions, which influenced the conceptualization of angels in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Simultaneously, analogous figures in Buddhism and Asian traditions, influenced in part by Hellenistic cultural exchanges after Alexander the Great, reveal the interconnectedness of cultural and religious ideas in the ancient world.
St. George the dragon-slayer: A comparative perspective on dragons in the East and West
The figure of St. George, often depicted as a dragon-slaying saint, occupies a central place in Christian hagiography and European folklore. Revered as a martyr, warrior, and protector, St. George symbolizes the triumph of good over evil and has been embraced as a patron saint by numerous cultures and nations. His legend, especially the iconic tale of slaying a dragon, resonates deeply within Western traditions. However, the symbolism of dragons in the East, particularly in Asia, provides a striking contrast, offering a lens through which to explore cultural divergences in the interpretation of mythical creatures.
Exploring Buddhist and East Asian art in Cologne
Cologne, a city rich in Christian history and culture, also offers a unique opportunity for enthusiasts of Buddhist and East Asian art. The city is home to two remarkable institutions: the Museum of East Asian Art and the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum. Here some of my favorite pieces from both museums.
Gandhara-style Buddhist sculptures
This post ties directly into my previous on The first plastic depictions of Buddha’s life: Gandhara reliefs at the Humboldt Forum, Berlin. In this post, I showcase further, quite impressive Gandhara-style Buddhist sculptures also seen at the Humboldt Museum in Berlin.
The first plastic depictions of Buddha's life: Gandhara reliefs at the Humboldt Forum, Berlin
On my visit to the Museum of Asian Art at the Humboldt Forum in Berlin, I was captivated by 15 stone reliefs depicting the Buddha’s life. Crafted in Gandhara between the 1st and 3rd century, these reliefs are among the earliest narrative representations of the Buddha. Gandhara was more than just a region; it was a melting pot of civilizations, playing an indispensable part in shaping the visual language of Buddhism.
#Industrial History
Christmas wreath: A modern tradition rooted in compassion and faith
When we think of the Christmas season, the image of a glowing advent wreath immediately comes to mind – its candles counting down the weeks to Christmas. However, this beloved tradition is not as old as one might think. The Christmas wreath, as we know it today, originates from the 19th century and carries profound social and spiritual symbolism. In this post, we briefly explore its origins, transformation over time, and the meanings it conveys in today’s world.
Discovering local history: A visit to the Niederbergisches Museum in Wülfrath
A few weeks ago, I had the opportunity to visit the Niederbergisches Museum in Wülfrath, a local history museum in a small town near my hometown. The museum is dedicated to the history of the region and its people. While I was still living in my home town, I actually didn’t know about the existence of this little museum, that is just around the corner. So I was surprised to learn of its existence, and I was happy to have the opportunity to visit it. Here is a short report on the museum along with some photos I took during my visit.
Cologne's history through a magnifying glass: The city museum
After a long time of closure, the Cologne City Museum reopened its doors in March 2024. The museum, which is now temporarily housed in the former Franz Sauer fashion house, has a large collection of around 350,000 objects spanning from the Middle Ages to the present day. The exhibits cover a wide range of topics, including paintings, graphics, militaria, coins, textiles, furniture, and everyday objects. The museum’s current concept focuses on showcasing a small selection of objects that are presented in an emotional context, offering a unique perspective on societal and historical issues. In my opinion, in this way the museum actually serves as a lens through which visitors can explore the history of 2000-year-old Cologne.
Kölsch – Rethinking a local myth
In Cologne, one tradition distinctly captures the essence of the city more than any other: Kölsch. This clear, top-fermented beer is celebrated not just as a local specialty but as a vital part of the city’s heritage and a symbol of communal spirit. Its role in social gatherings and public life marks it as a cornerstone of Cologne’s cultural fabric. Yet, amidst its widespread acclaim, it’s crucial to remember that Kölsch is an alcoholic beverage. This fact prompts a necessary reevaluation of its place within Cologne’s culture and invites us to ponder the real foundations of a social community. It’s time to consider the implications of glorifying an alcoholic tradition and to explore what truly makes a community thrive.
The Ruhr Museum: A Journey through the cultural heritage of the Ruhrgebiet
During a recent visit to the Ruhr Museum in Essen, I discovered not just an outstanding modern museum, but also a gateway to the rich history of the Ruhr area, also known as the ‘Ruhrpott’. This museum visit opened my eyes to the depth and complexity of the Ruhr region’s past and present.
#Islamic Culture
The mythological roles of 'angels' in East and West
Angels, as intermediaries between the divine and the mortal, have captured the human imagination across cultures and religions. In the Abrahamic traditions, angels are messengers, guardians, and executors of divine will, often depicted as ethereal beings imbued with spiritual power. Their origin, however, is deeply rooted in ancient Near Eastern and Hellenistic traditions, which influenced the conceptualization of angels in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Simultaneously, analogous figures in Buddhism and Asian traditions, influenced in part by Hellenistic cultural exchanges after Alexander the Great, reveal the interconnectedness of cultural and religious ideas in the ancient world.
#Japanese Culture
St. George the dragon-slayer: A comparative perspective on dragons in the East and West
The figure of St. George, often depicted as a dragon-slaying saint, occupies a central place in Christian hagiography and European folklore. Revered as a martyr, warrior, and protector, St. George symbolizes the triumph of good over evil and has been embraced as a patron saint by numerous cultures and nations. His legend, especially the iconic tale of slaying a dragon, resonates deeply within Western traditions. However, the symbolism of dragons in the East, particularly in Asia, provides a striking contrast, offering a lens through which to explore cultural divergences in the interpretation of mythical creatures.
Nihon Hidankyō receives the Nobel Peace Prize: A recognition for anti-nuclear activism worldwide
The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to Nihon Hidankyō, a Japanese organization founded by survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Nihon Hidankyō, also known as the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations, has been at the forefront of nuclear disarmament advocacy for decades. Their tireless efforts in bringing the personal stories of atomic bomb survivors, or hibakusha, to the global stage have played a vital role in educating the world about the horrors of nuclear warfare and the pressing need for complete nuclear disarmament.
Tokuriki Tomikichirō: A pioneer of modern Japanese printmaking
Tokuriki Tomikichirō (1902–2000) was a renowned Japanese artist and printmaker, celebrated for his contributions to the Sōsaku Hanga (‘creative print’) and Shin Hanga (‘new print’) movements. His work bridged the gap between traditional Japanese woodblock printing techniques and modern artistic sensibilities, making him one of the most influential figures in the 20th-century revival of Japanese printmaking.
Inagaki Tomoo: Another modern interpretation of Shin Hanga
Inagaki Tomoo (1902-1980) was a prominent 20th-century Japanese artist renowned for his intricate woodblock prints, particularly his depictions of animals. Inagaki was a key figure in the Sōsaku Hanga (‘creative print’) movement, which emphasized the artist’s direct involvement in all stages of print production – from design to carving to printing – setting it apart from the traditional ukiyo-e process, where these tasks were divided among specialists.
Mori Yoshitoshi: The Master of modern kappazuri-e
Mori Yoshitoshi (1898–1992) was a highly influential Japanese artist best known for his work in kappazuri-e (‘stencil printing’) and his contributions to the Sōsaku Hanga (‘creative print’) movement. Mori’s artistic journey was marked by a deep commitment to Japanese folk traditions, which he revitalized and transformed into a modern art form, blending the old with the new in a unique and innovative way.
Minagawa Taizo: A modern innovator in the *Shin Hanga* tradition
Minagawa Taizo (1917-2005) was a Japanese artist known for his work in textiles and woodblock printing. He was a master craftsman who blended traditional Japanese techniques with modern aesthetics, creating works that were both beautiful and innovative. Minagawa’s art reflects his deep connection to Japan’s cultural heritage and his willingness to experiment with new forms and ideas. This post explores Minagawa’s life and work, highlighting his contributions to the Shin Hanga movement and his enduring legacy in Japanese art.
Koitsu Tsuchiya: Master of light and shadow in Shin Hanga
Koitsu Tsuchiya (1870–1949) was a prominent artist in the Shin Hanga movement, celebrated for his atmospheric landscapes and evocative use of light and shadow. His work is widely admired for its ability to capture the mood and ambiance of different times of day and seasons, making him one of the leading landscape artists of the early 20th century.
Yoshikawa Kampō: Elegant simplicity and refined beauty
Yoshikawa Kampō (1894-1979) was a prominent artist of the Shin Hanga movement, known for his elegant bijin-ga (pictures of beautiful women), yakusha-e (actor prints), and fukeiga (landscapes). He had a deep engagement with traditional Japanese arts, which he skillfully integrated into his work as a woodblock print artist. His prints are celebrated for their refined beauty, graceful compositions, and subtle use of color.
Yoshida Hiroshi: The international visionary of Shin Hanga
Yoshida Hiroshi (1876–1950) was a prominent figure in the Shin Hanga movement, known for his exquisite landscape prints that combined traditional Japanese woodblock techniques with Western painting styles. His work is celebrated for its meticulous detail, vibrant use of color, and the ability to capture the beauty of both Japanese and international landscapes.
Yamamura Kōka: Fusion of tradition and modernity in Shin Hanga
Yamamura Kōka (1885–1942) was another prominent figure in the Shin Hanga movement, known for his striking yakusha-e (portraits of kabuki actors) and bijin-ga (pictures of beautiful women). His work is characterized by a unique blend of traditional Japanese aesthetics and modern artistic influences, making him one of the key artists of his time.
Uehara Konen: Master of tranquil landscapes in Shin Hanga
Uehara Konen (1877-1940) was a Shin Hanga artist who is best known for his serene and atmospheric landscape prints. His works are celebrated for capturing the quiet beauty of Japan’s natural and urban environment. Here is a short dossier on his life and work.
Torii Kotondo: The Shin Hanga bijin-ga master
Torii Kotondo (1900-1976) was a prominent artist of the Shin Hanga movement, known for his exquisite bijin-ga (pictures of beautiful women). His work is characterized by its elegance, refinement, and attention to detail, capturing the grace and poise of his subjects in moments of quiet introspection.
Ohara Koson: Master of kacho-e
Among the most famous Shin Hanga artist, Ohara Koson is celebrated for his exquisite kacho-e prints, which depict birds, flowers, and other elements of nature with a delicate and refined touch. His work is characterized by a meticulous attention to detail, a deep sensitivity to the beauty of the natural world, and a mastery of color and composition.
Natori Shunsen: The master of Shin Hanga kabuki portraits
Natori Shunsen (1886-1960) was another prominent artist of the Shin Hanga movement, known for his vibrant and dynamic portraits of kabuki actors. His work captures the essence of the kabuki theater, showcasing the dramatic intensity and intricate costumes of the performers. Here, we briefly explore the life and art of Natori Shunsen, highlighting his unique style and lasting impact on Japanese art.
Miki Suizan: The subtle art of Shin Hanga elegance
Miki Suizan (1887-1957) was a prominent artist of the Shin Hanga movement, known for his serene and understated prints that captured the quiet beauty of traditional Japanese life. Suizan’s work is celebrated for its delicate lines, soft color palette, and focus on mood and atmosphere, reflecting a deep connection to traditional Japanese aesthetics.
Kobayakawa Kiyoshi: Elegance in modern bijin-ga
Kobayakawa Kiyoshi (1899–1948) was a prominent artist of the Shin Hanga movement, known for his elegant and modern bijin-ga (pictures of beautiful women). Here is a short dossier on his life, art, and legacy.
Shirō Kasamatsu: The Nihonga and Shin Hanga artist
Shirō Kasamatsu (1898–1991) was a versatile painter and printmaker and a leading figure in the Shin Hanga movement. Known for his meticulous attention to detail and serene landscapes, Kasamatsu’s work blends traditional Japanese aesthetics with modern influences, capturing the beauty of Japan’s natural and urban environments. His prints are celebrated for their emotional resonance and timeless appeal, making him one of the most renowned artists of the 20th century.
Kawase Hasui: Master of Shin Hanga landscape prints
The work by Kawase Hasui (1883–1957) is a prime example of the Shin Hanga movement. Hasui’s prints are celebrated for their evocative depictions of Japan’s landscapes, capturing the beauty of the country’s natural and urban environments with a poetic sensibility. His mastery of light and shadow, attention to detail, and ability to convey mood and atmosphere have made him one of the most revered landscape artists in Japanese art history.
Itō Shinsui: A master of beauty and tranquility
Itō Shinsui (1898–1972) was central figure in the Shin Hanga movement, renowned for his refined depictions of Japanese women (bijin-ga) and serene landscapes. His work is characterized by a blend of traditional Japanese aesthetics with modern influences, marked by graceful lines, subtle colors, and a delicate portrayal of beauty. Trained under Kaburagi Kiyokata, Shinsui mastered the art of capturing the timeless elegance of Japanese life, producing prints that are known for their craftsmanship and quiet sophistication. His dedication to preserving and evolving Japanese art left a lasting legacy in the Shin Hanga movement.
Hashiguchi Goyō: Pioneer of Shin Hanga
Hashiguchi Goyō (1880-1921) was a pioneering artist of Shin Hanga. He is best known for his exquisite bijin-ga (paintings of beautiful women), which are celebrated for their elegance and attention to detail. Goyō’s work represents a fusion of traditional ukiyo-e aesthetics and modern Western techniques, creating a unique style within the Shin Hanga movement. Here is a short dossier on him along with some of his most famous prints.
Shin-hanga: The 'new print' movement in Japan after 1900
After the decline of ukiyo-e in the late 19th century, a new art movement emerged in Japan that sought to revitalize the traditional woodblock printing. Known as Shin Hanga (新版画), meaning ‘new prints’, this movement combined the beauty of the traditional ukiyo-e style with elements of modernity and Western art influences. Emerging during a period of rapid modernization in Japan, Shin Hanga blended the beauty of the traditional ukiyo-e style with contemporary sensibilities, capturing the beauty and complexity of early 20th-century Japan, leading to a renaissance in the art of woodblock printing.
From ukiyo-e to horimono: The Japanese art of tattooing and its historical roots
Horimono (彫り物), the traditional Japanese art of tattooing, is a deeply rooted cultural practice that actually dates back thousands of years. Its history is intertwined with Japan’s social evolution, spiritual beliefs – and the ukiyo-e woodblock printing tradition. From its ancient origins to its association with the yakuza and its current resurgence as an art form, horimono reflects Japan’s complex relationship with tattooing – oscillating between reverence, stigma, and admiration – and the transformation of ukiyo-e into a new, living canvas through the art of tattooing.
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi: The last great master of ukiyo-e
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839-1892) is celebrated as the last great master of ukiyo-e. His works are characterized by a unique blend of traditional Japanese aesthetics and modern influences, reflecting the tumultuous period of the Meiji Restoration. Yoshitoshi’s prints are known for their vivid colors, dynamic compositions, and expressive depictions of historical and supernatural subjects. In this post, we will explore the life and art of this influential artist, and examine some of his most famous works.
Utagawa Kunisada: The prolific master of ukiyo-e
Utawaga Kunisada (1786-1865) was another very prominent ukiyo-e artist of the late Edo period. He was a pupil of Toyokuni I and became one of the most successful and prolific designers of woodblock prints in the 19th century. Kunisada was known for his prolific portraits of Edo, Kabuki actors (yakusha-e) and beautiful women (bijin-ga), as well as for his series of landscapes (fūkei-ga) and historical scenes.
Utagawa Hiroshige: The poet of landscapes
Among the famous ukiyo-e artists like Katsushika Hokusai and Utagawa Kuniyoshi, there is another artist from the same period who deserves special attention: Utagawa Hiroshige. Hiroshige was a master of landscape prints, and his works are characterized by their serene beauty and poetic atmosphere. In this post, we briefly explore the life and art of this exceptional artist.
Utagawa Kuniyoshi: Master of warrios and fantastic imagery
Our next stop in the world of Japanese woodblock prints takes us to Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1797-1861), a master of warriors and fantastic imagery. Kuniyoshi was one of the last great masters of the ukiyo-e tradition, known for his dynamic compositions, bold use of color, and imaginative depictions of warriors, monsters, and mythical creatures. In this post, we will explore the life and work of Utagawa Kuniyoshi, as well as some of his most famous prints.
Totoya Hokkei: The master of surimono
Totoya Hokkei (1780-1850) was a ukiyo-e Japanese artist and printmaker who specialized in the creation of surimono, a type of privately published print that flourished in the late Edo period (1603-1868). Hokkei was a master of this art form, known for his intricate designs, meticulous craftsmanship, and innovative use of color and composition. In this post, we will explore the life and work of Totoya Hokkei, highlighting some of his most famous surimono prints.
Katsushika Hokusai: The visionary of ukiyo-e
I this post, we briefly elucidate the life and work of the iconic Japanese artist Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849), known for his groundbreaking contributions to the ukiyo-e genre. Hokusai’s innovative compositions, mastery of color and line, and wide-ranging exploration of subjects have left an indelible mark on the world of art, inspiring generations of artists and art enthusiasts.
Kitagawa Utamaro: Master of bijin-ga
In the previous post, we briefly explored the world of ukiyo-e. To further tribute to this art form and delve deeper into its history, I thought we could shortly study the biographies and styles of some of the most celebrated artists of the genre. Today, we will start with Kitagawa Utamaro (1753-1806), one of the most celebrated ukiyo-e artists, known for his exquisite portraits of beautiful women (bijin-ga).
Ukiyo-e artists and schools
I put together a list of ukiyo-e artists and schools. I’ve tried to keep the list as complete as possible, but there are so many artists and schools that it’s hard to cover them all. Whenever I find out about a new artist or school, I’ll add it to the list. I hope you find it helpful.
Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the floating world
Ukiyo-e (浮世絵) is a genre of Japanese art that flourished from the 17th to the 19th century. The term ‘ukiyo-e’ translates to ‘pictures of the floating world’, capturing scenes of urban life, landscapes, and folklore. This art form is renowned for its woodblock prints and paintings, which have significantly influenced the Japanese art scene as well as global art movements, particularly Impressionism. In this post, I’d like to share some of my favorite ukiyo-e prints, as well as a brief overview of the art form’s history and cultural significance.
Byōbu – The art of Japanese folding screens
The tradition of kakemono and emakimono is closely related to other forms of Japanese narrative art, such as byōbu (屏風) and fusuma (襖). Byōbu are folding screens that feature painted scenes, often with narrative elements, while fusuma are sliding doors that can be decorated with paintings or calligraphy. Together, these art forms create a rich visual narrative expression in Japanese culture, reflecting the interconnectedness of art, literature, and daily life. Here are some shots of the most remarkable examples of byōbu that I was able to collect during my recent visits to various museums and exhibitions.
Emakimono: The art of Japanese handscrolls
Emakimono, or Japanese handscrolls, are a captivating form of narrative art that emerged during the Heian period (794-1185 AD). These exquisite scrolls combine text and pictures to tell stories, document courtly life, or illustrate poetic themes. The format allows for sequential viewing, where the story unfolds as the scroll is gradually unrolled from right to left, offering a unique and intimate artistic experience. In this post, we explore the history, techniques, and cultural significance of emakimono in Japanese art and literature.
Kakemono: The art of Japanese hanging scrolls
Kakemono, or Japanese hanging scrolls, are a prominent feature in the traditional Japanese art landscape. These scrolls are designed to be displayed vertically and are often used to adorn the alcoves of Japanese homes, particularly in settings like the tea ceremony. The art of kakemono centers around the aesthetics of simplicity and seasonal change, making it a dynamic element of Japanese decor. In this post, we briefly explore the history and significance of kakemono in Japanese art and culture.
Exploring Buddhist and East Asian art in Cologne
Cologne, a city rich in Christian history and culture, also offers a unique opportunity for enthusiasts of Buddhist and East Asian art. The city is home to two remarkable institutions: the Museum of East Asian Art and the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum. Here some of my favorite pieces from both museums.
On the Hellenistic heritage in Christian culture and Buddhist art
My recent museum visits and studies have revealed that the perceived differences between various cultures and historical periods are not as pronounced as I once believed. Contrary to the simplified narratives taught in school, the Greco-Roman heritage did not vanish after the fall of the Roman Empire but transformed and adapted into new cultural contexts. This influence extended beyond the Christian culture of the Middle Ages to include the Buddhist art of the Gandhara style. In this post, I will summarize my findings and share my thoughts on this topic.
Chinese scholar's rocks
The Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne is currently hosting an enlightening exhibition on Chinese scholar’s rocks, also known as gōngshí. The exhibition features a wide range of rocks from renowned regions such as Yingde in Guangdong, Liuyang in Hunan, and Lake Tai in Jiangsu. The rocks are displayed alongside other objects such as writing brushes, ink stones, and porcelain vessels. It provides a fascinating insight into the history and culture of Chinese scholar’s rocks and their significance in Chinese art and literature.
From Qingdao to Cologne: 50 Masterpieces of East Asian art
The Oriental Endowment for the Promotion of East Asian Art in Cologne celebrates its 50th anniversary with a remarkable exhibition of 50 masterpieces of East Asian art. The exhibition is running at the Museum of East Asian Art and has now been extended until the end of September 2024. It’s a great opportunity to see some of the most beautiful pieces of East Asian art, covering a wide range of art forms, including ceramics, bronzes, paintings, and sculptures from China, Japan, and Korea. The pieces are drawn from the museum’s collection, which was founded by Hans-Wilhelm Siegel, a businessman, patron and collector of East Asian art.
From Gothic to Zen: Comparing medieval Western and Eastern wooden sculptures
The art of wood sculpture, prevalent in both medieval Europe and East Asia, offers a fascinating study in contrasts and similarities. While both regions developed rich traditions in wood carving, their cultural, religious, and artistic trajectories shaped distinct styles and themes. Here is a brief comparison of selected medieval European and East Asian wooden sculptures.
Netsuke – The elegance of Japanese craftsmanship
The Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne is currently hosting the exhibition ‘Kyōto’s Netsuke - Masters & Myths’ to celebrate the 60-year partnership between Cologne and Kyōto. The exhibition showcases an extraordinary selection of netsuke from the Kyōto school, each piece embodying the exceptional Japanese craftsmanship and celebrating the long-standing friendship between the two cities.
Korean ceramics: Spirituality through simplicity and purity
Korean ceramics embody a serene beauty born from simplicity, clarity, and an embrace of natural imperfections. The Humboldt Museum showcases this centuries-old tradition, offering a reflective journey into Korea’s unique interpretation of art, nature, and spirituality.
The many faces of the Buddha
The Humboldt Forum in Berlin holds an extensive collection of Buddha and Bodhisattva sculptures from all over Southeast Asia: China, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Tibet, Nepal. In this post, I’d like to show the many faces of Buddhist sculptures that I have discovered in the Forum.
East and West: Finding common grounds in distinct artistic traditions
I recently visited the Museum of East Asian Art and the Museum Schnütgen for European Medieval Art, both in Cologne. Having explored these museums in quick succession, I was struck by both the contrasts and surprising parallels in the artistic expressions of East and West.
Embracing imperfections: Kintsugi and the story of my teapot
Kintsugi, the traditional Japanese art of ‘golden joinery’, celebrates the beauty of brokenness. My experience with a cherished teapot taught me not just about repair, but about embracing imperfections and celebrating the breakage and repair as an integral part of an object’s history.
#Jewish History and Culture
Archaeology of the recent past: Reflections on concentration camp remains
The study of archaeology is traditionally associated with uncovering ancient civilizations and piecing together histories from long-forgotten fragments. However, the discipline is increasingly turning its attention to the recent past, exploring material remains that connect us to more contemporary, and often harrowing, events. Concentration camps from the Holocaust, with their preserved artifacts and remains, have become a poignant focus within this emerging field. I recently visited an exhibition in Frankfurt that showcased the archaeology of concentration camp remains, shedding light on the everyday lives of those who endured unimaginable suffering. In this post, I’d like to briefly reflect on the significance of this archaeological work and its implications for memory, history, and human understanding.
The mythological roles of 'angels' in East and West
Angels, as intermediaries between the divine and the mortal, have captured the human imagination across cultures and religions. In the Abrahamic traditions, angels are messengers, guardians, and executors of divine will, often depicted as ethereal beings imbued with spiritual power. Their origin, however, is deeply rooted in ancient Near Eastern and Hellenistic traditions, which influenced the conceptualization of angels in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Simultaneously, analogous figures in Buddhism and Asian traditions, influenced in part by Hellenistic cultural exchanges after Alexander the Great, reveal the interconnectedness of cultural and religious ideas in the ancient world.
Anno Domini: Tracing the history of the Christian calendar
The dating system widely used today, referred to as the ‘Anno Domini’ (AD) system, marks time based on the birth of Jesus Christ. However, historical and astronomical evidence suggests that Jesus was likely born several years before the start of Year 1 AD. This discrepancy arises from miscalculations by medieval scholars and sheds light on the challenges of reconstructing historical timelines. Additionally, a fringe theory posits that a significant portion of the Middle Ages was fabricated, casting further intrigue into the construction of historical timekeeping.
The three Magi: Unraveling their history and symbolism
The image of the three kings visiting the infant Jesus is one of the most iconic scenes of the Nativity story. However, the biblical account in the Gospel of Matthew neither mentions ‘kings’ nor specifies their number. Instead, it speaks of ‘Magi’ from the East, learned astrologers or scholars who followed a star to honor the newborn Jesus. Let us explore the historical and cultural roots of these Magi and clarify some common misconceptions about their identity.
The nativity scene: Was Jesus really born in a stable?
The image of Jesus being born in a stable, surrounded by animals, has become one of the most iconic symbols of Christmas. From nativity scenes in churches to family decorations, this depiction shapes how many imagine the story of Christ’s birth. However, historical and cultural research suggests that this portrayal may not reflect the reality of first-century Judea. Instead, Jesus was likely born in a lower-level space within a home – or even a cave – rather than a standalone stable. In this post, we explore the evidence behind this reinterpretation.
Christmas wreath: A modern tradition rooted in compassion and faith
When we think of the Christmas season, the image of a glowing advent wreath immediately comes to mind – its candles counting down the weeks to Christmas. However, this beloved tradition is not as old as one might think. The Christmas wreath, as we know it today, originates from the 19th century and carries profound social and spiritual symbolism. In this post, we briefly explore its origins, transformation over time, and the meanings it conveys in today’s world.
Reassessing Pius XII: New insights into the Catholic Church's role during the Holocaust and the Ratlines
Pope Pius XII’s pontificate during World War II remains one of the most debated periods in the history of the Catholic Church. While his defenders argue that his actions were guided by a commitment to neutrality and the protection of Catholics, critics contend that his decisions reflected moral compromises that undermined the Church’s credibility. New insights, such as those presented in the ARTE documentary The Pope and the Holocaust, shed additional light on Pope Pius XII’s role during this tumultuous period. These revelations warrant a reassessment of his actions, especially concerning the Holocaust and the post-war Ratlines.
Cologne's Historical City Hall
The Historical City Hall (Historisches Rathaus) in Cologne stands as one of the city’s most iconic monuments, reflecting its rich political and economic history. The current city hall complex is a blend of various architectural styles from different periods, illustrating Cologne’s transformation over centuries, from a prominent medieval trading hub in the Hanseatic League to a powerful free city of the Holy Roman Empire. Some weeks ago, I was lucky to visit the city hall during the Day of the Open Monument in 2024. Here are some few impressions and a brief overview of the history of the city hall.
Cologne's history through a magnifying glass: The city museum
After a long time of closure, the Cologne City Museum reopened its doors in March 2024. The museum, which is now temporarily housed in the former Franz Sauer fashion house, has a large collection of around 350,000 objects spanning from the Middle Ages to the present day. The exhibits cover a wide range of topics, including paintings, graphics, militaria, coins, textiles, furniture, and everyday objects. The museum’s current concept focuses on showcasing a small selection of objects that are presented in an emotional context, offering a unique perspective on societal and historical issues. In my opinion, in this way the museum actually serves as a lens through which visitors can explore the history of 2000-year-old Cologne.
1700 years of Jewish history in Cologne
A perhaps not well perceived part of Cologne’s history is its rich Jewish heritage that dates back to the Roman era. The Cologne Jewish community is considered as one of the oldest North of the Alps and has a long and complex history, marked by periods of prosperity and persecution. The community has contributed significantly to the city’s cultural and economic development. Here is a short overview of that history.
Stumbling upon history: The Stolpersteine project and its role in remembering Nazi victims
In European and particularly German cities, you may encounter brass plaques, known as ‘Stolpersteine’ or ‘stumbling stones’, embedded in pavements in front of buildings. Inscribed with names and dates, these plaques memorialize victims of the Nazi regime at their last known addresses, serving as a poignant reminder of the individual lives lost during this dark period in Germany and our collective history and responsibility.
Acts of resistance in Cologne against the Nazi regime
The Nazi regime sought to establish absolute control over Germany, enforcing its ideology through propaganda, legislation, and violence. Despite the immense risks, individuals and groups across the country resisted, determined to oppose oppression and fight for a more just society. Cologne, a historic city with a strong sense of community, became a focal point for numerous resistance efforts. This article explores some of the diverse acts of defiance in Cologne, where individuals from various backgrounds and beliefs stood against the Third Reich, often at great personal cost. Much of this information is based on sources provided by the NS Documentation Center, El-De Haus in Cologne, which I visited recently.
Fate of the Jews in Cologne under Nazi rule
The Jewish community in Cologne, integral to the city’s cultural, social, and economic landscape, suffered profound persecution under Nazi rule. This persecution unfolded through escalating legal restrictions, economic disenfranchisement, social isolation, and, ultimately, deportation and genocide. The systematic dismantling of Jewish life in Cologne exemplifies the tragic fate of Jewish communities across Europe during the Holocaust. From my recent visit to the El-De Haus in Cologne, a former Gestapo headquarters and now a documentation center, I learned more about the Jewish experience in Cologne. Here is a summary of the exhibition, coupled with my reflections on this dark chapter in Cologne’s history.
NS DOK El-De Haus: Retracing the steps of Nazi history in Cologne
I recently visited the El-De Haus in Cologne, a former center of the Gestapo and now the NS Documentation Centre of Cologne, which left a profound impression on me. The house is not like other museums; it is a storyteller of a dark chapter in Cologne’s history and a stark reminder of the horrors that totalitarian regimes can inflict. What I liked most is that the documentation center focuses on the story of victims and the resistance to the Nazi regime, giving them much more space than the perpetrators. Here is a summary of the exhibition, coupled with my personal reflections.
#Jewish-Christian Philosophy
Anno Domini: Tracing the history of the Christian calendar
The dating system widely used today, referred to as the ‘Anno Domini’ (AD) system, marks time based on the birth of Jesus Christ. However, historical and astronomical evidence suggests that Jesus was likely born several years before the start of Year 1 AD. This discrepancy arises from miscalculations by medieval scholars and sheds light on the challenges of reconstructing historical timelines. Additionally, a fringe theory posits that a significant portion of the Middle Ages was fabricated, casting further intrigue into the construction of historical timekeeping.
25th of December: The origins of Christmas and its potential connections to pagan festivals
The date of December 25th, celebrated worldwide as Christmas, is traditionally recognized as the birthday of Jesus Christ. However, historical research suggests that this date was not chosen based on evidence of Jesus’ actual birthdate. Instead, it aligns with significant pre-Christian festivals, particularly those associated with the Roman sun god Sol Invictus and possibly the cult of Mithras. This intentional overlap reflects the early Church’s efforts to integrate Christian celebrations into the cultural and religious world of the Roman Empire, raising critical questions about the impact of this syncretism on the authenticity of Christian identity and practice
The three Magi: Unraveling their history and symbolism
The image of the three kings visiting the infant Jesus is one of the most iconic scenes of the Nativity story. However, the biblical account in the Gospel of Matthew neither mentions ‘kings’ nor specifies their number. Instead, it speaks of ‘Magi’ from the East, learned astrologers or scholars who followed a star to honor the newborn Jesus. Let us explore the historical and cultural roots of these Magi and clarify some common misconceptions about their identity.
The nativity scene: Was Jesus really born in a stable?
The image of Jesus being born in a stable, surrounded by animals, has become one of the most iconic symbols of Christmas. From nativity scenes in churches to family decorations, this depiction shapes how many imagine the story of Christ’s birth. However, historical and cultural research suggests that this portrayal may not reflect the reality of first-century Judea. Instead, Jesus was likely born in a lower-level space within a home – or even a cave – rather than a standalone stable. In this post, we explore the evidence behind this reinterpretation.
Christmas wreath: A modern tradition rooted in compassion and faith
When we think of the Christmas season, the image of a glowing advent wreath immediately comes to mind – its candles counting down the weeks to Christmas. However, this beloved tradition is not as old as one might think. The Christmas wreath, as we know it today, originates from the 19th century and carries profound social and spiritual symbolism. In this post, we briefly explore its origins, transformation over time, and the meanings it conveys in today’s world.
Nicholas of Myra: A bishop who inspired a worldwide tradition
It’s December, and the festive season is upon us! In Europe and in many parts of the world, the figure of Saint Nicholas is a central part of the holiday traditions. In Germany, his feast day is December 6th, when children leave their shoes out to be filled with small gifts, nuts, and sweets. In some regions, he arrives in person, dressed as a bishop, accompanied by helpers like the stern Krampus or the friendly Knecht Ruprecht, who judge the behavior of children over the past year. This cherished custom is just one expression of the legacy of Nicholas of Myra, whose life and legends form the basis for countless traditions across the Christian world and beyond. But who was Nicholas of Myra, and why has he become such a central figure of generosity and devotion? In this post, we explore the life of this 4th-century bishop, the miracles and legends associated with him, and trace how his story evolved into modern traditions, including the beloved figure of Santa Claus – a modern blend of different Saint Nicholas traditions.
Martin of Tours: A rare example of lived Christian values in the history of the Church
If you live in Germany or other parts of Europe, you might have witnessed a peculiar sight on the evening of November 11th: children parading through the streets with glowing lanterns, singing cheerful songs, and following a rider on a horse dressed as a Roman soldier. Despite the November chill, the atmosphere was warm and festive, and perhaps you even spotted the traditional Weckmann – a sweet bread figure often enjoyed on this day. This scene is part of Martinstag (or just St. Martin; English: Saint Martin’s Day), a cherished tradition in Germany and beyond. But have you ever wondered who is being celebrated? The man behind these customs is Martin of Tours, a Roman soldier turned Christian bishop, whose life of humility and compassion inspired centuries of reverence. In this post, we briefly explore Martin’s story, the miracles and legends attributed to him, and how his legacy shaped the traditions we know today.
Faith and commerce: The medieval relic trade in Cologne
During my last visit to the Schnütgen Museum, I noticed a series of elaborate reliquary busts. These intricately crafted artifacts were shaped like the upper bodies of figures meant to represent saints, kings, and queens. Each bust had an opening to enclose and hold the corresponding relic. Their skillful artistry was immediately striking. Intrigued by this encounter, I began to do some research, uncovering a fascinating yet ironic chapter in the history of Cologne.
#Korean Culture
Emakimono: The art of Japanese handscrolls
Emakimono, or Japanese handscrolls, are a captivating form of narrative art that emerged during the Heian period (794-1185 AD). These exquisite scrolls combine text and pictures to tell stories, document courtly life, or illustrate poetic themes. The format allows for sequential viewing, where the story unfolds as the scroll is gradually unrolled from right to left, offering a unique and intimate artistic experience. In this post, we explore the history, techniques, and cultural significance of emakimono in Japanese art and literature.
Kakemono: The art of Japanese hanging scrolls
Kakemono, or Japanese hanging scrolls, are a prominent feature in the traditional Japanese art landscape. These scrolls are designed to be displayed vertically and are often used to adorn the alcoves of Japanese homes, particularly in settings like the tea ceremony. The art of kakemono centers around the aesthetics of simplicity and seasonal change, making it a dynamic element of Japanese decor. In this post, we briefly explore the history and significance of kakemono in Japanese art and culture.
Exploring Buddhist and East Asian art in Cologne
Cologne, a city rich in Christian history and culture, also offers a unique opportunity for enthusiasts of Buddhist and East Asian art. The city is home to two remarkable institutions: the Museum of East Asian Art and the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum. Here some of my favorite pieces from both museums.
On the Hellenistic heritage in Christian culture and Buddhist art
My recent museum visits and studies have revealed that the perceived differences between various cultures and historical periods are not as pronounced as I once believed. Contrary to the simplified narratives taught in school, the Greco-Roman heritage did not vanish after the fall of the Roman Empire but transformed and adapted into new cultural contexts. This influence extended beyond the Christian culture of the Middle Ages to include the Buddhist art of the Gandhara style. In this post, I will summarize my findings and share my thoughts on this topic.
Chinese scholar's rocks
The Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne is currently hosting an enlightening exhibition on Chinese scholar’s rocks, also known as gōngshí. The exhibition features a wide range of rocks from renowned regions such as Yingde in Guangdong, Liuyang in Hunan, and Lake Tai in Jiangsu. The rocks are displayed alongside other objects such as writing brushes, ink stones, and porcelain vessels. It provides a fascinating insight into the history and culture of Chinese scholar’s rocks and their significance in Chinese art and literature.
From Qingdao to Cologne: 50 Masterpieces of East Asian art
The Oriental Endowment for the Promotion of East Asian Art in Cologne celebrates its 50th anniversary with a remarkable exhibition of 50 masterpieces of East Asian art. The exhibition is running at the Museum of East Asian Art and has now been extended until the end of September 2024. It’s a great opportunity to see some of the most beautiful pieces of East Asian art, covering a wide range of art forms, including ceramics, bronzes, paintings, and sculptures from China, Japan, and Korea. The pieces are drawn from the museum’s collection, which was founded by Hans-Wilhelm Siegel, a businessman, patron and collector of East Asian art.
From Gothic to Zen: Comparing medieval Western and Eastern wooden sculptures
The art of wood sculpture, prevalent in both medieval Europe and East Asia, offers a fascinating study in contrasts and similarities. While both regions developed rich traditions in wood carving, their cultural, religious, and artistic trajectories shaped distinct styles and themes. Here is a brief comparison of selected medieval European and East Asian wooden sculptures.
Helena Parada Kim's 'Interstices' - A fusion of cultures and traditions
Helena Parada Kim’s ‘Interstices’ at the Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne masterfully blends Korean traditions with European artistry, creating a dialogue between past and present. Her unique approach to cultural fusion is exemplified in works that juxtapose traditional Korean motifs with contemporary European painting techniques, offering a fresh perspective on cultural identity and arts in general.
Korean ceramics: Spirituality through simplicity and purity
Korean ceramics embody a serene beauty born from simplicity, clarity, and an embrace of natural imperfections. The Humboldt Museum showcases this centuries-old tradition, offering a reflective journey into Korea’s unique interpretation of art, nature, and spirituality.
#LGBTQ+
Cologne's history through a magnifying glass: The city museum
After a long time of closure, the Cologne City Museum reopened its doors in March 2024. The museum, which is now temporarily housed in the former Franz Sauer fashion house, has a large collection of around 350,000 objects spanning from the Middle Ages to the present day. The exhibits cover a wide range of topics, including paintings, graphics, militaria, coins, textiles, furniture, and everyday objects. The museum’s current concept focuses on showcasing a small selection of objects that are presented in an emotional context, offering a unique perspective on societal and historical issues. In my opinion, in this way the museum actually serves as a lens through which visitors can explore the history of 2000-year-old Cologne.
Paragraph 175
For over a century, Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code represented the legal persecution of homosexual men in Germany. Originally introduced in 1871, it was not merely a statute but a symbol of systemic discrimination that endured through various political regimes, including the devastating intensification under the Nazis. Its impact continued long after World War II, with postwar Germany carrying forward its oppressive legacy until its final repeal in 1994. This article examines the history of Paragraph 175, its chilling effects on LGBTQ+ lives, and the long road to justice for its victims.
Magnus Hirschfeld and Germany's pioneering role in LGBTQ+ rights
Long before the Stonewall Riots ignited the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement, Germany was a global pioneer in advancing understanding, acceptance, and advocacy for sexual minorities. At the heart of this movement was the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sexual Science), founded by the visionary Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld in 1919. In this posts, we explore Germany’s early contributions to LGBTQ+ rights, the devastating impact of the Nazi regime on this progress, and the lasting consequences of the persecution faced by homosexuals during the Third Reich.
Stumbling upon history: The Stolpersteine project and its role in remembering Nazi victims
In European and particularly German cities, you may encounter brass plaques, known as ‘Stolpersteine’ or ‘stumbling stones’, embedded in pavements in front of buildings. Inscribed with names and dates, these plaques memorialize victims of the Nazi regime at their last known addresses, serving as a poignant reminder of the individual lives lost during this dark period in Germany and our collective history and responsibility.
Persecution of homosexuals under the Nazi regime
‘Forgotten victims’ are those who were ostracized and persecuted during the Nazi era, but whose suffering continued beyond 1945. Even after the Nazi defeat, these individuals remained shunned and discriminated against, denied moral recognition as victims, official rehabilitation, and financial compensation. A special exhibition in the El-De Haus pays tribute to these victim groups and their suffering. Homosexuals were one of the groups that were persecuted. In this post, I summarize their plight as conveyed through my recent visit to the El-De Haus.
#Languages and Writing
The Dali Kingdom Scroll
I recently came across the Kingdom of Dali Buddhist Volume of Paintings, a monumental Buddhist handscroll created by Zhang Shengwen around 1180. This 16-meter-long artwork captures the religious and political life of the Dali Kingdom, a flourishing state in present-day Yunnan, China. What fascinates me most is how the scroll not only illustrates Buddhist figures and royal processions but also serves as a visual record of the kingdom’s cultural identity and its deep connection between religion and politics. Now preserved at the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan, this intricate masterpiece offers a glimpse into a unique chapter of East Asian history. In this post, we briefly explore the historical context of the Dali Kingdom and take a close look at the artistic structure and themes of this remarkable scroll.
Emakimono: The art of Japanese handscrolls
Emakimono, or Japanese handscrolls, are a captivating form of narrative art that emerged during the Heian period (794-1185 AD). These exquisite scrolls combine text and pictures to tell stories, document courtly life, or illustrate poetic themes. The format allows for sequential viewing, where the story unfolds as the scroll is gradually unrolled from right to left, offering a unique and intimate artistic experience. In this post, we explore the history, techniques, and cultural significance of emakimono in Japanese art and literature.
#Mesopotamian Culture
The mythological roles of 'angels' in East and West
Angels, as intermediaries between the divine and the mortal, have captured the human imagination across cultures and religions. In the Abrahamic traditions, angels are messengers, guardians, and executors of divine will, often depicted as ethereal beings imbued with spiritual power. Their origin, however, is deeply rooted in ancient Near Eastern and Hellenistic traditions, which influenced the conceptualization of angels in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Simultaneously, analogous figures in Buddhism and Asian traditions, influenced in part by Hellenistic cultural exchanges after Alexander the Great, reveal the interconnectedness of cultural and religious ideas in the ancient world.
St. George the dragon-slayer: A comparative perspective on dragons in the East and West
The figure of St. George, often depicted as a dragon-slaying saint, occupies a central place in Christian hagiography and European folklore. Revered as a martyr, warrior, and protector, St. George symbolizes the triumph of good over evil and has been embraced as a patron saint by numerous cultures and nations. His legend, especially the iconic tale of slaying a dragon, resonates deeply within Western traditions. However, the symbolism of dragons in the East, particularly in Asia, provides a striking contrast, offering a lens through which to explore cultural divergences in the interpretation of mythical creatures.
#Myanmar Culture
Exploring Buddhist and East Asian art in Cologne
Cologne, a city rich in Christian history and culture, also offers a unique opportunity for enthusiasts of Buddhist and East Asian art. The city is home to two remarkable institutions: the Museum of East Asian Art and the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum. Here some of my favorite pieces from both museums.
Buddhist clay tablets from Myanmar
Another quite interesting finding I made at the Humboldt Forum were some Buddhist clay tablets from Myanmar. I was impressed by the similarities with Christian panels depicting scenes from the life of Jesus, biblical events, or saints – another example of the universality of artistic expressions across diverse cultural traditions.
#Pottery and Ceramics
Cologne's history through a magnifying glass: The city museum
After a long time of closure, the Cologne City Museum reopened its doors in March 2024. The museum, which is now temporarily housed in the former Franz Sauer fashion house, has a large collection of around 350,000 objects spanning from the Middle Ages to the present day. The exhibits cover a wide range of topics, including paintings, graphics, militaria, coins, textiles, furniture, and everyday objects. The museum’s current concept focuses on showcasing a small selection of objects that are presented in an emotional context, offering a unique perspective on societal and historical issues. In my opinion, in this way the museum actually serves as a lens through which visitors can explore the history of 2000-year-old Cologne.
Cologne's pottery heritage
Besides its glass production, Cologne also had a relevant ceramic production. During the reign of Augustus, from 27 BC to 14 AD, Cologne began to emerge as a notable center for pottery production. This period marked the initial steps of the city in establishing its reputation in the craft of ceramics
Roman legacy of glass art in Cologne
Cologne not only has a rich Roman heritage, but also a (perhaps) lesser-known history of glassmaking. Archaeological finds in the city have revealed a rich heritage of glass art, encompassing everything from drinking vessels to jewelry and decorative objects. And the Roman-Germanic Museum houses a significant collection of these artifacts. Here are some of my favorite pieces that I have photographed during my visit.
Roman legacy in Cologne
I recently visited the Roman-Germanic Museum in Cologne, that exhibits archeological finds from the Roman and Germanic era in Cologne and the surrounding area. While strolling through the exhibition, I was fascinated by the acute presence of the artifacts on display and the stories behind them. Of course, I’m aware of Cologne’s Roman heritage, but every visit to the museum makes me even more aware of the Roman influence on Cologne’s culture and identity.
From Qingdao to Cologne: 50 Masterpieces of East Asian art
The Oriental Endowment for the Promotion of East Asian Art in Cologne celebrates its 50th anniversary with a remarkable exhibition of 50 masterpieces of East Asian art. The exhibition is running at the Museum of East Asian Art and has now been extended until the end of September 2024. It’s a great opportunity to see some of the most beautiful pieces of East Asian art, covering a wide range of art forms, including ceramics, bronzes, paintings, and sculptures from China, Japan, and Korea. The pieces are drawn from the museum’s collection, which was founded by Hans-Wilhelm Siegel, a businessman, patron and collector of East Asian art.
Korean ceramics: Spirituality through simplicity and purity
Korean ceramics embody a serene beauty born from simplicity, clarity, and an embrace of natural imperfections. The Humboldt Museum showcases this centuries-old tradition, offering a reflective journey into Korea’s unique interpretation of art, nature, and spirituality.
Embracing imperfections: Kintsugi and the story of my teapot
Kintsugi, the traditional Japanese art of ‘golden joinery’, celebrates the beauty of brokenness. My experience with a cherished teapot taught me not just about repair, but about embracing imperfections and celebrating the breakage and repair as an integral part of an object’s history.
#Tea
From Qingdao to Cologne: 50 Masterpieces of East Asian art
The Oriental Endowment for the Promotion of East Asian Art in Cologne celebrates its 50th anniversary with a remarkable exhibition of 50 masterpieces of East Asian art. The exhibition is running at the Museum of East Asian Art and has now been extended until the end of September 2024. It’s a great opportunity to see some of the most beautiful pieces of East Asian art, covering a wide range of art forms, including ceramics, bronzes, paintings, and sculptures from China, Japan, and Korea. The pieces are drawn from the museum’s collection, which was founded by Hans-Wilhelm Siegel, a businessman, patron and collector of East Asian art.
Korean ceramics: Spirituality through simplicity and purity
Korean ceramics embody a serene beauty born from simplicity, clarity, and an embrace of natural imperfections. The Humboldt Museum showcases this centuries-old tradition, offering a reflective journey into Korea’s unique interpretation of art, nature, and spirituality.
Embracing imperfections: Kintsugi and the story of my teapot
Kintsugi, the traditional Japanese art of ‘golden joinery’, celebrates the beauty of brokenness. My experience with a cherished teapot taught me not just about repair, but about embracing imperfections and celebrating the breakage and repair as an integral part of an object’s history.
#Thai Culture
Exploring Buddhist and East Asian art in Cologne
Cologne, a city rich in Christian history and culture, also offers a unique opportunity for enthusiasts of Buddhist and East Asian art. The city is home to two remarkable institutions: the Museum of East Asian Art and the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum. Here some of my favorite pieces from both museums.
The Three Worlds
The royal illuminated manuscript ‘Traiphum’ from Bangkok, 1776, depicts the tripartite Buddhist cosmos and is a testament to King Takin’s reign after the fall of Ayutthaya. Luckily, I had the chance to see it at the Humboldt Forum in Berlin.
The many faces of the Buddha
The Humboldt Forum in Berlin holds an extensive collection of Buddha and Bodhisattva sculptures from all over Southeast Asia: China, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, Tibet, Nepal. In this post, I’d like to show the many faces of Buddhist sculptures that I have discovered in the Forum.
#Ukiyo-e and Shin-hanga
Tokuriki Tomikichirō: A pioneer of modern Japanese printmaking
Tokuriki Tomikichirō (1902–2000) was a renowned Japanese artist and printmaker, celebrated for his contributions to the Sōsaku Hanga (‘creative print’) and Shin Hanga (‘new print’) movements. His work bridged the gap between traditional Japanese woodblock printing techniques and modern artistic sensibilities, making him one of the most influential figures in the 20th-century revival of Japanese printmaking.
Inagaki Tomoo: Another modern interpretation of Shin Hanga
Inagaki Tomoo (1902-1980) was a prominent 20th-century Japanese artist renowned for his intricate woodblock prints, particularly his depictions of animals. Inagaki was a key figure in the Sōsaku Hanga (‘creative print’) movement, which emphasized the artist’s direct involvement in all stages of print production – from design to carving to printing – setting it apart from the traditional ukiyo-e process, where these tasks were divided among specialists.
Mori Yoshitoshi: The Master of modern kappazuri-e
Mori Yoshitoshi (1898–1992) was a highly influential Japanese artist best known for his work in kappazuri-e (‘stencil printing’) and his contributions to the Sōsaku Hanga (‘creative print’) movement. Mori’s artistic journey was marked by a deep commitment to Japanese folk traditions, which he revitalized and transformed into a modern art form, blending the old with the new in a unique and innovative way.
Minagawa Taizo: A modern innovator in the *Shin Hanga* tradition
Minagawa Taizo (1917-2005) was a Japanese artist known for his work in textiles and woodblock printing. He was a master craftsman who blended traditional Japanese techniques with modern aesthetics, creating works that were both beautiful and innovative. Minagawa’s art reflects his deep connection to Japan’s cultural heritage and his willingness to experiment with new forms and ideas. This post explores Minagawa’s life and work, highlighting his contributions to the Shin Hanga movement and his enduring legacy in Japanese art.
Koitsu Tsuchiya: Master of light and shadow in Shin Hanga
Koitsu Tsuchiya (1870–1949) was a prominent artist in the Shin Hanga movement, celebrated for his atmospheric landscapes and evocative use of light and shadow. His work is widely admired for its ability to capture the mood and ambiance of different times of day and seasons, making him one of the leading landscape artists of the early 20th century.
Yoshikawa Kampō: Elegant simplicity and refined beauty
Yoshikawa Kampō (1894-1979) was a prominent artist of the Shin Hanga movement, known for his elegant bijin-ga (pictures of beautiful women), yakusha-e (actor prints), and fukeiga (landscapes). He had a deep engagement with traditional Japanese arts, which he skillfully integrated into his work as a woodblock print artist. His prints are celebrated for their refined beauty, graceful compositions, and subtle use of color.
Yoshida Hiroshi: The international visionary of Shin Hanga
Yoshida Hiroshi (1876–1950) was a prominent figure in the Shin Hanga movement, known for his exquisite landscape prints that combined traditional Japanese woodblock techniques with Western painting styles. His work is celebrated for its meticulous detail, vibrant use of color, and the ability to capture the beauty of both Japanese and international landscapes.
Yamamura Kōka: Fusion of tradition and modernity in Shin Hanga
Yamamura Kōka (1885–1942) was another prominent figure in the Shin Hanga movement, known for his striking yakusha-e (portraits of kabuki actors) and bijin-ga (pictures of beautiful women). His work is characterized by a unique blend of traditional Japanese aesthetics and modern artistic influences, making him one of the key artists of his time.
Uehara Konen: Master of tranquil landscapes in Shin Hanga
Uehara Konen (1877-1940) was a Shin Hanga artist who is best known for his serene and atmospheric landscape prints. His works are celebrated for capturing the quiet beauty of Japan’s natural and urban environment. Here is a short dossier on his life and work.
Torii Kotondo: The Shin Hanga bijin-ga master
Torii Kotondo (1900-1976) was a prominent artist of the Shin Hanga movement, known for his exquisite bijin-ga (pictures of beautiful women). His work is characterized by its elegance, refinement, and attention to detail, capturing the grace and poise of his subjects in moments of quiet introspection.
Ohara Koson: Master of kacho-e
Among the most famous Shin Hanga artist, Ohara Koson is celebrated for his exquisite kacho-e prints, which depict birds, flowers, and other elements of nature with a delicate and refined touch. His work is characterized by a meticulous attention to detail, a deep sensitivity to the beauty of the natural world, and a mastery of color and composition.
Natori Shunsen: The master of Shin Hanga kabuki portraits
Natori Shunsen (1886-1960) was another prominent artist of the Shin Hanga movement, known for his vibrant and dynamic portraits of kabuki actors. His work captures the essence of the kabuki theater, showcasing the dramatic intensity and intricate costumes of the performers. Here, we briefly explore the life and art of Natori Shunsen, highlighting his unique style and lasting impact on Japanese art.
Miki Suizan: The subtle art of Shin Hanga elegance
Miki Suizan (1887-1957) was a prominent artist of the Shin Hanga movement, known for his serene and understated prints that captured the quiet beauty of traditional Japanese life. Suizan’s work is celebrated for its delicate lines, soft color palette, and focus on mood and atmosphere, reflecting a deep connection to traditional Japanese aesthetics.
Kobayakawa Kiyoshi: Elegance in modern bijin-ga
Kobayakawa Kiyoshi (1899–1948) was a prominent artist of the Shin Hanga movement, known for his elegant and modern bijin-ga (pictures of beautiful women). Here is a short dossier on his life, art, and legacy.
Shirō Kasamatsu: The Nihonga and Shin Hanga artist
Shirō Kasamatsu (1898–1991) was a versatile painter and printmaker and a leading figure in the Shin Hanga movement. Known for his meticulous attention to detail and serene landscapes, Kasamatsu’s work blends traditional Japanese aesthetics with modern influences, capturing the beauty of Japan’s natural and urban environments. His prints are celebrated for their emotional resonance and timeless appeal, making him one of the most renowned artists of the 20th century.
Kawase Hasui: Master of Shin Hanga landscape prints
The work by Kawase Hasui (1883–1957) is a prime example of the Shin Hanga movement. Hasui’s prints are celebrated for their evocative depictions of Japan’s landscapes, capturing the beauty of the country’s natural and urban environments with a poetic sensibility. His mastery of light and shadow, attention to detail, and ability to convey mood and atmosphere have made him one of the most revered landscape artists in Japanese art history.
Itō Shinsui: A master of beauty and tranquility
Itō Shinsui (1898–1972) was central figure in the Shin Hanga movement, renowned for his refined depictions of Japanese women (bijin-ga) and serene landscapes. His work is characterized by a blend of traditional Japanese aesthetics with modern influences, marked by graceful lines, subtle colors, and a delicate portrayal of beauty. Trained under Kaburagi Kiyokata, Shinsui mastered the art of capturing the timeless elegance of Japanese life, producing prints that are known for their craftsmanship and quiet sophistication. His dedication to preserving and evolving Japanese art left a lasting legacy in the Shin Hanga movement.
Hashiguchi Goyō: Pioneer of Shin Hanga
Hashiguchi Goyō (1880-1921) was a pioneering artist of Shin Hanga. He is best known for his exquisite bijin-ga (paintings of beautiful women), which are celebrated for their elegance and attention to detail. Goyō’s work represents a fusion of traditional ukiyo-e aesthetics and modern Western techniques, creating a unique style within the Shin Hanga movement. Here is a short dossier on him along with some of his most famous prints.
Shin-hanga: The 'new print' movement in Japan after 1900
After the decline of ukiyo-e in the late 19th century, a new art movement emerged in Japan that sought to revitalize the traditional woodblock printing. Known as Shin Hanga (新版画), meaning ‘new prints’, this movement combined the beauty of the traditional ukiyo-e style with elements of modernity and Western art influences. Emerging during a period of rapid modernization in Japan, Shin Hanga blended the beauty of the traditional ukiyo-e style with contemporary sensibilities, capturing the beauty and complexity of early 20th-century Japan, leading to a renaissance in the art of woodblock printing.
From ukiyo-e to horimono: The Japanese art of tattooing and its historical roots
Horimono (彫り物), the traditional Japanese art of tattooing, is a deeply rooted cultural practice that actually dates back thousands of years. Its history is intertwined with Japan’s social evolution, spiritual beliefs – and the ukiyo-e woodblock printing tradition. From its ancient origins to its association with the yakuza and its current resurgence as an art form, horimono reflects Japan’s complex relationship with tattooing – oscillating between reverence, stigma, and admiration – and the transformation of ukiyo-e into a new, living canvas through the art of tattooing.
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi: The last great master of ukiyo-e
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839-1892) is celebrated as the last great master of ukiyo-e. His works are characterized by a unique blend of traditional Japanese aesthetics and modern influences, reflecting the tumultuous period of the Meiji Restoration. Yoshitoshi’s prints are known for their vivid colors, dynamic compositions, and expressive depictions of historical and supernatural subjects. In this post, we will explore the life and art of this influential artist, and examine some of his most famous works.
Utagawa Kunisada: The prolific master of ukiyo-e
Utawaga Kunisada (1786-1865) was another very prominent ukiyo-e artist of the late Edo period. He was a pupil of Toyokuni I and became one of the most successful and prolific designers of woodblock prints in the 19th century. Kunisada was known for his prolific portraits of Edo, Kabuki actors (yakusha-e) and beautiful women (bijin-ga), as well as for his series of landscapes (fūkei-ga) and historical scenes.
Utagawa Hiroshige: The poet of landscapes
Among the famous ukiyo-e artists like Katsushika Hokusai and Utagawa Kuniyoshi, there is another artist from the same period who deserves special attention: Utagawa Hiroshige. Hiroshige was a master of landscape prints, and his works are characterized by their serene beauty and poetic atmosphere. In this post, we briefly explore the life and art of this exceptional artist.
Utagawa Kuniyoshi: Master of warrios and fantastic imagery
Our next stop in the world of Japanese woodblock prints takes us to Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1797-1861), a master of warriors and fantastic imagery. Kuniyoshi was one of the last great masters of the ukiyo-e tradition, known for his dynamic compositions, bold use of color, and imaginative depictions of warriors, monsters, and mythical creatures. In this post, we will explore the life and work of Utagawa Kuniyoshi, as well as some of his most famous prints.
Totoya Hokkei: The master of surimono
Totoya Hokkei (1780-1850) was a ukiyo-e Japanese artist and printmaker who specialized in the creation of surimono, a type of privately published print that flourished in the late Edo period (1603-1868). Hokkei was a master of this art form, known for his intricate designs, meticulous craftsmanship, and innovative use of color and composition. In this post, we will explore the life and work of Totoya Hokkei, highlighting some of his most famous surimono prints.
Katsushika Hokusai: The visionary of ukiyo-e
I this post, we briefly elucidate the life and work of the iconic Japanese artist Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849), known for his groundbreaking contributions to the ukiyo-e genre. Hokusai’s innovative compositions, mastery of color and line, and wide-ranging exploration of subjects have left an indelible mark on the world of art, inspiring generations of artists and art enthusiasts.
Kitagawa Utamaro: Master of bijin-ga
In the previous post, we briefly explored the world of ukiyo-e. To further tribute to this art form and delve deeper into its history, I thought we could shortly study the biographies and styles of some of the most celebrated artists of the genre. Today, we will start with Kitagawa Utamaro (1753-1806), one of the most celebrated ukiyo-e artists, known for his exquisite portraits of beautiful women (bijin-ga).
Ukiyo-e artists and schools
I put together a list of ukiyo-e artists and schools. I’ve tried to keep the list as complete as possible, but there are so many artists and schools that it’s hard to cover them all. Whenever I find out about a new artist or school, I’ll add it to the list. I hope you find it helpful.
Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the floating world
Ukiyo-e (浮世絵) is a genre of Japanese art that flourished from the 17th to the 19th century. The term ‘ukiyo-e’ translates to ‘pictures of the floating world’, capturing scenes of urban life, landscapes, and folklore. This art form is renowned for its woodblock prints and paintings, which have significantly influenced the Japanese art scene as well as global art movements, particularly Impressionism. In this post, I’d like to share some of my favorite ukiyo-e prints, as well as a brief overview of the art form’s history and cultural significance.